Factor structure of gratitude. Initial adaptive research on the SGRAT-PL scale
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.24917/20845596.12.4Keywords:
gratitude, emotions, positive psychology, well-being, happiness, SGRAT-PLAbstract
The purpose of this article is to present the results of pilot adaptive research on the shortened (16-item) version of the GRAT scale. 124 respondents aged 20-50 took part in the pilot study (M = 33.55, SD = 5.84). The tool is used to assess the level of gratitude treated as an individual’s disposition to experience this emotion. The research used the Polish version of the SGRAT-PL questionnaire, Davis’ IRI empathy scale, and a survey with the metrics on sociodemographic variables, i.e. age, gender, the status of the subject’s relationship or the fact of having children. The results of statistical analysis aimed at checking the psychometric values of the Polish version of the SGRAT-PL scale indicated the validity of using the shortened version of the tool in scientific research in the field of positive psychology. Intercorrelation analysis between results obtained on the SGRAT-PL scale confirmed the accuracy of measuring gratitude. The results of the conducted reliability analysis also showed a high internal consistency of the short version of the GRAT scale and the possibility of its use in empirical studies. The 16-item version of the tool in Polish adaptation, like the full version, is a reliable indicator of the level of three dimensions of gratitude: a sense of abundance, appreciating others and appreciating simple pleasures.References
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everyday life. Emotion, 8(3), 425-429.
Bartlett, M.Y., DeSteno, D. (2006). Gratitude and prosocial behavior helping when it costs
you. Psychological Science, 17(4), 319-325.
Bretz, S.L., McClary, L. (2014). Students’ understandings of acid strength: How meaningful
is reliability when measuring alternative conceptions? Journal of Chemical Education,
92(2), 212-219.
Chopik, W., Newton, N., Ryan, L., Kashdan, T., Jarden, A. (2019). Gratitude across the
lifespan: Age differences and links to subjective well-being. The Journal of Positive
Psychology, 14(3), 292-302.
Ciżkowicz, B. (2018). Omega McDonalda jako alternatywa dla Alfa Cronbacha w szacowaniu
rzetelności testu. Polskie Forum Psychologiczne, 23(2), 311-329.
Davis, M.H. (1980). A multidimentional approach to individual differences in empathy.
JSAS. Catalog of selected Documents in Psychology, 10, 85.
Davis, M.H. (1999). Empatia. O umiejętności wpółodczuwania. Gdańsk: Wyd. GWP.
DeWall, C.N., Lambert, N.M., Pond, R.S., Kashdan, T.B., Fincham, F.D. (2012). A grateful
heart is a nonviolent heart: Cross-sectional, experience sampling, longitudinal, and
experimental evidence. Social Psychological and Personality Science, 3(2), 232-240.
DOI: 10.1177/1948550611416675.
Disabato, D.J., Kashdan, T.B., Short, J.L., Jarden, A. (2017). What predicts positive life
events that influence the course of depression? A longitudinal examination of gratitude
and meaning in life. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 41, 444-458.
Elfers, J., Hlava, P. (2016). The spectrum of gratitude experience. London: Palgrave Macmillan.
DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-41030-2.
Emmons, R.A., McCullough, M.E. (2003). Counting blessings versus burdens: An experimental
investigation of gratitude and subjective well-being in daily life. Journal of
Personality and Social Psychology, 84(2), 377-389.
Freitas, L.B.L., Mercon-Vargas, E., Palhares, F., Tudge, J. (2019). Assessing variations in
the expression of gratitude in youth: A three-cohort replication in southern Brazil.
Current Psychology, 1-11.
Froh, J.J., Sefick, W.J., Emmons, R.A. (2008). Counting blessings in early adolescents: An
experimental study of gratitude and subjective well-being. Journal of School Psychology,
46(2), 213-233.
Froh, J.J., Miller, D.N., Snyder, S. (2007). Gratitude in children and adolescents: Development,
assessment, and school-based intervention. School Psychology Forum, 2,
1-13.
Garaigordobil, M. (2009). A Comparative Analysis of Empathy in Childhood and Adolescence:
Gender Differences and Associated Socio-emotional Variables. International
Journal of Psychology and Psychological Therapy, 9(2), 217-235.
Gerstorf, D., Ram, N., Mayraz, G., Hidajat, M., Lindenberger, U., Wagner, G.G., Schupp, J.
(2010). Late-life decline in well-being across adulthood in Germany, the UK, and
the US: Something is seriously wrong at the end of life. Psychology and Aging, 25(2),
477-485.
Gruszecka, E. (2014). Wdzięczność w relacjach przyjacielskich i koleżeńskich. Przegląd
Psychologiczny, 57(4), 447-461.
Jackowska, M., Brown, J., Ronaldson, A., Steptoe, A. (2016). The impact of a brief gratitude
intervention on subjective well-being, biology and sleep. Journal of Health Psychology.
DOI: 10.1177/1359105315572455.
Jans-Beken, L., Lataster, J., Leontjevas, R., Jacobs, N. (2015). Measuring Gratitude: A Comparative
Validation of the Dutch Gratitude Questionnaire (GQ6) and Short Gratitude,
Resentment, and Appreciation Test (SGRAT). Psychologica Belgica, 55(1), 19-31.
Jans-Beken, L. (2018). Appreciating Gratitude. New Perspectives on Gratitude-Mental Health
Connection. Heerlen: Open University.
Kashdan, T.B., Mishra, A., Breen, W.E., Froh, J.J. (2009). Gender differences in gratitude:
Examining appraisals, narratives, the willingness to express emotions, and changes
in psychological needs. Journal of Personality, 77(3), 691-730.
Killen, A., Macaskill, A. (2015). Using a gratitude intervention to enhance well-being in
older adults. Journal of Happiness Studies, 16(4), 947-964. DOI: 10.1007/s10902-
014-9542-3.
Kossakowska, M., Kwiatek, P. (2014). Polska adaptacja kwestionariusza do badania
wdzięczności GQ-6. Przegląd Psychologiczny, 57(4), 503-514.
Kraut, R., Kiesler, S., Boneva, B., Cummings, J.N., Helgeson, V., Crawford, A.M. (2002). Internet
paradox revisited. Journal of Social Issues, 58(1), 49-74.
Kwiatek, P. (2012). Przeszkody i strategie rozwoju wdzięczności w świetle współczesnych
badań psychologicznych. Seminare, 32, 151-163.
Lasota, A. (2017). Association of affective and cognitive empathy with various dimensions...
of aggression among Polish adolescent. Annales Universitatis Paedagogicae
Cracoviensis. Studia Psychologica, 10, 11-22.
Lasota, A., Tomaszek, K., Bosacki, S. (2019). Empathy and resilience as predictors of gratitude:
Dopes gender make a difference? Presentation on 19th European Conference on
Developmental Psychology, Athens, 28 August-1 September 2019.
Lasota, A., Tomaszek, K., Bosacki, S. (2018). Gratitude, empathy and resilience among
emerging adults in Poland. 48th Annual Meeting of the Jean Piaget Society, The Dynamics
of Development: Process, (inter-) Action, Complexity. Amsterdam, The Netherlands,
31 May-2 June 2018.
Liao, K.Y., Weng, C. (2018). Gratefulness and subjective well-being: Social connectedness
and presence of meaning as mediators. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 65,
383-393.
Lyubomirsky, S. (2008). Wybierz szczęście. Naukowe metody budowania życia jakiego
pragniesz. Warszawa: MT Biznes.
Lyubomirsky, S., Dickerhoof, R., Boehm, J.K., Sheldon, K.M. (2011). Becoming Happier
Takes Both a Will and a Proper Way: An Experimental Longitudinal Intervention to
Boost Well-Being. Emotion, 11(2), 391-402.
McCullough, M.E., Emmons, R.A., Tsang, J.A. (2002). The grateful disposition: A conceptual
and empirical topography. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 82,
112-127.
Oğuz Duran, N. (2017). The Revised Short Gratitude, Resentment, and Appreciation Test
(S-GRAT): Adaptation for Turkish college students. The Journal of Happiness & Well-
-Being, 5(1), 23-37.
Peterson, C., Seligman, M.E.P. (2004). Character Strengths and Virtues: A Handbook and
Classification. New York: Oxford University Press.
Petrocchi, N., Couyoumdjian, A. (2016). The impact of gratitude on depression and anxiety:
The mediating role of criticizing, attacking, and reassuring the self. Self- Identity,
15, 191-205.
Rash, J.A., Matsuba, M.K., Prkachin, K.M. (2011). Gratitude and well-being: Who benefits
the most from a gratitude intervention? Applied Psychology-Health and Well Being,
3(3), 350-369.
Rosenberg, E.L. (1998). Levels of Analysis and the Organization of Affect. Review of General
Psychology, 2(3), 247-270.
Smith, T.W. (2015). Wdzięczność. W: Księga ludzkich uczuć (s. 307-311). Warszawa: Wydawnictwo
WAB.
Taber, K.S. (2018). The Use of Cronbach’s Alpha When Developing and Reporting Research
Instruments in Science Education. Research in Science Education, 48(6),
1273-1296.
Thomas, N., Watkins, P. (2003). Measuring the Grateful Trait: Development of the Revised
GRAT. Poster presented to the Annual Convention of the Western Psychological Association,
May 2003, Vancouver, BC.
Tomaszek, K., Lasota, A. (2018). Gratitude and its measurement - the Polish adaptation
of the Grat-R Questionnaire. Czasopismo Psychologiczne, 24(2), 251-260.
Toussaint, L., Friedman, P. (2009). Forgiveness, gratitude, and well-being: The mediating
role of affect and beliefs. Journal of Happiness Studies: An Interdisciplinary Forum on
Subjective Well-Being, 10(6), 635-654.
Tsang, J. (2006). Gratitude and prosocial behavior: An experimental test of gratitude.
Cognition and Emotion, 20(1), 138-148.
van Tilburg, M.A.L., Unterberg, M., Vingerhoets, A.J.J.M. (2002). Crying during adolescence:
The role of gender, menarche, and empathy. British Journal of Developmental
Psychology, 20(1), 77-87.
Watkins, P.C., Woodward, K., Stone, T., Kolts, R.D. (2003). Gratitude and happiness: The
development of a measure of gratitude and its relationship with subjective well-
-being. Social Behavior and Personality, 31, 431-452.
Watkins, P.C. (2014). Gratitude and the good life: Toward a psychology of appreciation.
New York: Springer.
Watkins, P., Uhder, J., Pichinevskiy, S. (2015). Grateful recounting enhances subjective
well-being: The importance of grateful processing. The Journal of Positive Psychology,
10(2), 91-98.
Wolanin, A. (2019). Wdzięczność w psychologii - przegląd definicji, głównych ujęć
i koncepcji. Polskie Forum Psychologiczne, 15(3), 356-372. DOI: 10.14656/
PFP20190306. Online: https://pfp.ukw.edu.pl/page/pl/archive/article-full/432/
wolanin_wdziecznosc_w_psychologii/.
Wood, A.M., Maltby, J., Gillett, R., Linley, P.A., Joseph, S. (2008). The role of gratitude in the
development of social support, stress, and depression: Two longitudinal studies.
Journal of Research in Personality, 42, 854-871.
Wood, A.M., Joseph, S., Maltby, J. (2009). Gratitude predicts psychological well-being
above the Big Five facets. Personality and Individual Differences, 46(4), 443-447.
Wood, A.M., Froh, J.J., Geraghty, A.W.A. (2010). Gratitude and well-being: A review and
theoretical integration. Clinical Psychology Review, 30, 890-905.
Wright, K.B. (2005). Researching Internet-Based Populations: Advantages and Disadvantages
of Online Survey Research, Online Questionnaire Authoring Software
Packages, and Web Survey Services. Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication,
10(3), JCMC1034.
Yost-Dubrow, R., Dunham, Y. (2018). Evidence for a relationship between trait gratitude
and prosocial behaviour. Cognition & Emotion, 32, 397-403.
Zhou, X., Wu, X. (2015). Longitudinal relationships between gratitude, deliberate rumination
and posttraumatic growth in adolescents following the Wenchuan earthquake
in China. Scandinavian Journal of Psychology, 56(5), 567-572.
everyday life. Emotion, 8(3), 425-429.
Bartlett, M.Y., DeSteno, D. (2006). Gratitude and prosocial behavior helping when it costs
you. Psychological Science, 17(4), 319-325.
Bretz, S.L., McClary, L. (2014). Students’ understandings of acid strength: How meaningful
is reliability when measuring alternative conceptions? Journal of Chemical Education,
92(2), 212-219.
Chopik, W., Newton, N., Ryan, L., Kashdan, T., Jarden, A. (2019). Gratitude across the
lifespan: Age differences and links to subjective well-being. The Journal of Positive
Psychology, 14(3), 292-302.
Ciżkowicz, B. (2018). Omega McDonalda jako alternatywa dla Alfa Cronbacha w szacowaniu
rzetelności testu. Polskie Forum Psychologiczne, 23(2), 311-329.
Davis, M.H. (1980). A multidimentional approach to individual differences in empathy.
JSAS. Catalog of selected Documents in Psychology, 10, 85.
Davis, M.H. (1999). Empatia. O umiejętności wpółodczuwania. Gdańsk: Wyd. GWP.
DeWall, C.N., Lambert, N.M., Pond, R.S., Kashdan, T.B., Fincham, F.D. (2012). A grateful
heart is a nonviolent heart: Cross-sectional, experience sampling, longitudinal, and
experimental evidence. Social Psychological and Personality Science, 3(2), 232-240.
DOI: 10.1177/1948550611416675.
Disabato, D.J., Kashdan, T.B., Short, J.L., Jarden, A. (2017). What predicts positive life
events that influence the course of depression? A longitudinal examination of gratitude
and meaning in life. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 41, 444-458.
Elfers, J., Hlava, P. (2016). The spectrum of gratitude experience. London: Palgrave Macmillan.
DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-41030-2.
Emmons, R.A., McCullough, M.E. (2003). Counting blessings versus burdens: An experimental
investigation of gratitude and subjective well-being in daily life. Journal of
Personality and Social Psychology, 84(2), 377-389.
Freitas, L.B.L., Mercon-Vargas, E., Palhares, F., Tudge, J. (2019). Assessing variations in
the expression of gratitude in youth: A three-cohort replication in southern Brazil.
Current Psychology, 1-11.
Froh, J.J., Sefick, W.J., Emmons, R.A. (2008). Counting blessings in early adolescents: An
experimental study of gratitude and subjective well-being. Journal of School Psychology,
46(2), 213-233.
Froh, J.J., Miller, D.N., Snyder, S. (2007). Gratitude in children and adolescents: Development,
assessment, and school-based intervention. School Psychology Forum, 2,
1-13.
Garaigordobil, M. (2009). A Comparative Analysis of Empathy in Childhood and Adolescence:
Gender Differences and Associated Socio-emotional Variables. International
Journal of Psychology and Psychological Therapy, 9(2), 217-235.
Gerstorf, D., Ram, N., Mayraz, G., Hidajat, M., Lindenberger, U., Wagner, G.G., Schupp, J.
(2010). Late-life decline in well-being across adulthood in Germany, the UK, and
the US: Something is seriously wrong at the end of life. Psychology and Aging, 25(2),
477-485.
Gruszecka, E. (2014). Wdzięczność w relacjach przyjacielskich i koleżeńskich. Przegląd
Psychologiczny, 57(4), 447-461.
Jackowska, M., Brown, J., Ronaldson, A., Steptoe, A. (2016). The impact of a brief gratitude
intervention on subjective well-being, biology and sleep. Journal of Health Psychology.
DOI: 10.1177/1359105315572455.
Jans-Beken, L., Lataster, J., Leontjevas, R., Jacobs, N. (2015). Measuring Gratitude: A Comparative
Validation of the Dutch Gratitude Questionnaire (GQ6) and Short Gratitude,
Resentment, and Appreciation Test (SGRAT). Psychologica Belgica, 55(1), 19-31.
Jans-Beken, L. (2018). Appreciating Gratitude. New Perspectives on Gratitude-Mental Health
Connection. Heerlen: Open University.
Kashdan, T.B., Mishra, A., Breen, W.E., Froh, J.J. (2009). Gender differences in gratitude:
Examining appraisals, narratives, the willingness to express emotions, and changes
in psychological needs. Journal of Personality, 77(3), 691-730.
Killen, A., Macaskill, A. (2015). Using a gratitude intervention to enhance well-being in
older adults. Journal of Happiness Studies, 16(4), 947-964. DOI: 10.1007/s10902-
014-9542-3.
Kossakowska, M., Kwiatek, P. (2014). Polska adaptacja kwestionariusza do badania
wdzięczności GQ-6. Przegląd Psychologiczny, 57(4), 503-514.
Kraut, R., Kiesler, S., Boneva, B., Cummings, J.N., Helgeson, V., Crawford, A.M. (2002). Internet
paradox revisited. Journal of Social Issues, 58(1), 49-74.
Kwiatek, P. (2012). Przeszkody i strategie rozwoju wdzięczności w świetle współczesnych
badań psychologicznych. Seminare, 32, 151-163.
Lasota, A. (2017). Association of affective and cognitive empathy with various dimensions...
of aggression among Polish adolescent. Annales Universitatis Paedagogicae
Cracoviensis. Studia Psychologica, 10, 11-22.
Lasota, A., Tomaszek, K., Bosacki, S. (2019). Empathy and resilience as predictors of gratitude:
Dopes gender make a difference? Presentation on 19th European Conference on
Developmental Psychology, Athens, 28 August-1 September 2019.
Lasota, A., Tomaszek, K., Bosacki, S. (2018). Gratitude, empathy and resilience among
emerging adults in Poland. 48th Annual Meeting of the Jean Piaget Society, The Dynamics
of Development: Process, (inter-) Action, Complexity. Amsterdam, The Netherlands,
31 May-2 June 2018.
Liao, K.Y., Weng, C. (2018). Gratefulness and subjective well-being: Social connectedness
and presence of meaning as mediators. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 65,
383-393.
Lyubomirsky, S. (2008). Wybierz szczęście. Naukowe metody budowania życia jakiego
pragniesz. Warszawa: MT Biznes.
Lyubomirsky, S., Dickerhoof, R., Boehm, J.K., Sheldon, K.M. (2011). Becoming Happier
Takes Both a Will and a Proper Way: An Experimental Longitudinal Intervention to
Boost Well-Being. Emotion, 11(2), 391-402.
McCullough, M.E., Emmons, R.A., Tsang, J.A. (2002). The grateful disposition: A conceptual
and empirical topography. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 82,
112-127.
Oğuz Duran, N. (2017). The Revised Short Gratitude, Resentment, and Appreciation Test
(S-GRAT): Adaptation for Turkish college students. The Journal of Happiness & Well-
-Being, 5(1), 23-37.
Peterson, C., Seligman, M.E.P. (2004). Character Strengths and Virtues: A Handbook and
Classification. New York: Oxford University Press.
Petrocchi, N., Couyoumdjian, A. (2016). The impact of gratitude on depression and anxiety:
The mediating role of criticizing, attacking, and reassuring the self. Self- Identity,
15, 191-205.
Rash, J.A., Matsuba, M.K., Prkachin, K.M. (2011). Gratitude and well-being: Who benefits
the most from a gratitude intervention? Applied Psychology-Health and Well Being,
3(3), 350-369.
Rosenberg, E.L. (1998). Levels of Analysis and the Organization of Affect. Review of General
Psychology, 2(3), 247-270.
Smith, T.W. (2015). Wdzięczność. W: Księga ludzkich uczuć (s. 307-311). Warszawa: Wydawnictwo
WAB.
Taber, K.S. (2018). The Use of Cronbach’s Alpha When Developing and Reporting Research
Instruments in Science Education. Research in Science Education, 48(6),
1273-1296.
Thomas, N., Watkins, P. (2003). Measuring the Grateful Trait: Development of the Revised
GRAT. Poster presented to the Annual Convention of the Western Psychological Association,
May 2003, Vancouver, BC.
Tomaszek, K., Lasota, A. (2018). Gratitude and its measurement - the Polish adaptation
of the Grat-R Questionnaire. Czasopismo Psychologiczne, 24(2), 251-260.
Toussaint, L., Friedman, P. (2009). Forgiveness, gratitude, and well-being: The mediating
role of affect and beliefs. Journal of Happiness Studies: An Interdisciplinary Forum on
Subjective Well-Being, 10(6), 635-654.
Tsang, J. (2006). Gratitude and prosocial behavior: An experimental test of gratitude.
Cognition and Emotion, 20(1), 138-148.
van Tilburg, M.A.L., Unterberg, M., Vingerhoets, A.J.J.M. (2002). Crying during adolescence:
The role of gender, menarche, and empathy. British Journal of Developmental
Psychology, 20(1), 77-87.
Watkins, P.C., Woodward, K., Stone, T., Kolts, R.D. (2003). Gratitude and happiness: The
development of a measure of gratitude and its relationship with subjective well-
-being. Social Behavior and Personality, 31, 431-452.
Watkins, P.C. (2014). Gratitude and the good life: Toward a psychology of appreciation.
New York: Springer.
Watkins, P., Uhder, J., Pichinevskiy, S. (2015). Grateful recounting enhances subjective
well-being: The importance of grateful processing. The Journal of Positive Psychology,
10(2), 91-98.
Wolanin, A. (2019). Wdzięczność w psychologii - przegląd definicji, głównych ujęć
i koncepcji. Polskie Forum Psychologiczne, 15(3), 356-372. DOI: 10.14656/
PFP20190306. Online: https://pfp.ukw.edu.pl/page/pl/archive/article-full/432/
wolanin_wdziecznosc_w_psychologii/.
Wood, A.M., Maltby, J., Gillett, R., Linley, P.A., Joseph, S. (2008). The role of gratitude in the
development of social support, stress, and depression: Two longitudinal studies.
Journal of Research in Personality, 42, 854-871.
Wood, A.M., Joseph, S., Maltby, J. (2009). Gratitude predicts psychological well-being
above the Big Five facets. Personality and Individual Differences, 46(4), 443-447.
Wood, A.M., Froh, J.J., Geraghty, A.W.A. (2010). Gratitude and well-being: A review and
theoretical integration. Clinical Psychology Review, 30, 890-905.
Wright, K.B. (2005). Researching Internet-Based Populations: Advantages and Disadvantages
of Online Survey Research, Online Questionnaire Authoring Software
Packages, and Web Survey Services. Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication,
10(3), JCMC1034.
Yost-Dubrow, R., Dunham, Y. (2018). Evidence for a relationship between trait gratitude
and prosocial behaviour. Cognition & Emotion, 32, 397-403.
Zhou, X., Wu, X. (2015). Longitudinal relationships between gratitude, deliberate rumination
and posttraumatic growth in adolescents following the Wenchuan earthquake
in China. Scandinavian Journal of Psychology, 56(5), 567-572.
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Published
2019-12-01
How to Cite
Tomaszek, K., & Lasota, A. (2019). Factor structure of gratitude. Initial adaptive research on the SGRAT-PL scale. Annales Universitatis Paedagogicae Cracoviensis Studia Psychologica, 12, 79–97. https://doi.org/10.24917/20845596.12.4
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