Struktura czynnikowa wdzięczności. Wstępne badania adaptacyjne nad skalą SGRAT-PL
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.24917/20845596.12.4Słowa kluczowe:
wdzięczność, emocje, psychologia pozytywna, jakość życia, szczęście,, SGRAT-PLAbstrakt
Celem niniejszego artykułu jest prezentacja wyników pilotażowych badań adaptacyjnych nad skróconą (16-itemową) wersją skali GRAT. W badaniach pilotażowych udział wzięło 124 respondentów w wieku 20-50 lat (M = 33,55, SD = 5,84). Narzędzie służy do oceny poziomu wdzięczności traktowanej jako dyspozycja jednostki do doświadczania tej emocji. W badaniach użyto polskiej wersji kwestionariusza wdzięczności SGRAT-PL, skali empatii Davisa - IRI oraz ankiety z metryczką na temat zmiennych socjodemograficznych, tj. wieku, płci, statusu związku osoby badanej czy posiadania dzieci. Wyniki analizy statystycznej mające na celu sprawdzenie walorów psychometrycznych polskiej wersji skali SGRAT-PL wskazały na zasadność wykorzystywania skróconej wersji narzędzia w badaniach naukowych z zakresu psychologii pozytywnej. Analiza interkorelacji między wynikami uzyskanymi w skali SGRAT-PL potwierdziła trafność pomiaru wdzięczności. Wyniki przeprowadzonej analizy rzetelności również wskazały na wysoką spójność wewnętrzną skróconej wersji skali GRAT i możliwość jej stosowania w empirycznych opracowaniach. 16-itemowa wersja narzędzia w polskiej adaptacji, podobnie jak wersja pełna, stanowi wiarygodny wskaźnik poziomu trzech wymiarów wdzięczności: poczucia obfitości, doceniania innych oraz doceniania prostych przyjemności.Bibliografia
Algoe, S.B., Haidt, J., Gable, S.L. (2008). Beyond reciprocity: Gratitude and relationships in
everyday life. Emotion, 8(3), 425-429.
Bartlett, M.Y., DeSteno, D. (2006). Gratitude and prosocial behavior helping when it costs
you. Psychological Science, 17(4), 319-325.
Bretz, S.L., McClary, L. (2014). Students’ understandings of acid strength: How meaningful
is reliability when measuring alternative conceptions? Journal of Chemical Education,
92(2), 212-219.
Chopik, W., Newton, N., Ryan, L., Kashdan, T., Jarden, A. (2019). Gratitude across the
lifespan: Age differences and links to subjective well-being. The Journal of Positive
Psychology, 14(3), 292-302.
Ciżkowicz, B. (2018). Omega McDonalda jako alternatywa dla Alfa Cronbacha w szacowaniu
rzetelności testu. Polskie Forum Psychologiczne, 23(2), 311-329.
Davis, M.H. (1980). A multidimentional approach to individual differences in empathy.
JSAS. Catalog of selected Documents in Psychology, 10, 85.
Davis, M.H. (1999). Empatia. O umiejętności wpółodczuwania. Gdańsk: Wyd. GWP.
DeWall, C.N., Lambert, N.M., Pond, R.S., Kashdan, T.B., Fincham, F.D. (2012). A grateful
heart is a nonviolent heart: Cross-sectional, experience sampling, longitudinal, and
experimental evidence. Social Psychological and Personality Science, 3(2), 232-240.
DOI: 10.1177/1948550611416675.
Disabato, D.J., Kashdan, T.B., Short, J.L., Jarden, A. (2017). What predicts positive life
events that influence the course of depression? A longitudinal examination of gratitude
and meaning in life. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 41, 444-458.
Elfers, J., Hlava, P. (2016). The spectrum of gratitude experience. London: Palgrave Macmillan.
DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-41030-2.
Emmons, R.A., McCullough, M.E. (2003). Counting blessings versus burdens: An experimental
investigation of gratitude and subjective well-being in daily life. Journal of
Personality and Social Psychology, 84(2), 377-389.
Freitas, L.B.L., Mercon-Vargas, E., Palhares, F., Tudge, J. (2019). Assessing variations in
the expression of gratitude in youth: A three-cohort replication in southern Brazil.
Current Psychology, 1-11.
Froh, J.J., Sefick, W.J., Emmons, R.A. (2008). Counting blessings in early adolescents: An
experimental study of gratitude and subjective well-being. Journal of School Psychology,
46(2), 213-233.
Froh, J.J., Miller, D.N., Snyder, S. (2007). Gratitude in children and adolescents: Development,
assessment, and school-based intervention. School Psychology Forum, 2,
1-13.
Garaigordobil, M. (2009). A Comparative Analysis of Empathy in Childhood and Adolescence:
Gender Differences and Associated Socio-emotional Variables. International
Journal of Psychology and Psychological Therapy, 9(2), 217-235.
Gerstorf, D., Ram, N., Mayraz, G., Hidajat, M., Lindenberger, U., Wagner, G.G., Schupp, J.
(2010). Late-life decline in well-being across adulthood in Germany, the UK, and
the US: Something is seriously wrong at the end of life. Psychology and Aging, 25(2),
477-485.
Gruszecka, E. (2014). Wdzięczność w relacjach przyjacielskich i koleżeńskich. Przegląd
Psychologiczny, 57(4), 447-461.
Jackowska, M., Brown, J., Ronaldson, A., Steptoe, A. (2016). The impact of a brief gratitude
intervention on subjective well-being, biology and sleep. Journal of Health Psychology.
DOI: 10.1177/1359105315572455.
Jans-Beken, L., Lataster, J., Leontjevas, R., Jacobs, N. (2015). Measuring Gratitude: A Comparative
Validation of the Dutch Gratitude Questionnaire (GQ6) and Short Gratitude,
Resentment, and Appreciation Test (SGRAT). Psychologica Belgica, 55(1), 19-31.
Jans-Beken, L. (2018). Appreciating Gratitude. New Perspectives on Gratitude-Mental Health
Connection. Heerlen: Open University.
Kashdan, T.B., Mishra, A., Breen, W.E., Froh, J.J. (2009). Gender differences in gratitude:
Examining appraisals, narratives, the willingness to express emotions, and changes
in psychological needs. Journal of Personality, 77(3), 691-730.
Killen, A., Macaskill, A. (2015). Using a gratitude intervention to enhance well-being in
older adults. Journal of Happiness Studies, 16(4), 947-964. DOI: 10.1007/s10902-
014-9542-3.
Kossakowska, M., Kwiatek, P. (2014). Polska adaptacja kwestionariusza do badania
wdzięczności GQ-6. Przegląd Psychologiczny, 57(4), 503-514.
Kraut, R., Kiesler, S., Boneva, B., Cummings, J.N., Helgeson, V., Crawford, A.M. (2002). Internet
paradox revisited. Journal of Social Issues, 58(1), 49-74.
Kwiatek, P. (2012). Przeszkody i strategie rozwoju wdzięczności w świetle współczesnych
badań psychologicznych. Seminare, 32, 151-163.
Lasota, A. (2017). Association of affective and cognitive empathy with various dimensions...
of aggression among Polish adolescent. Annales Universitatis Paedagogicae
Cracoviensis. Studia Psychologica, 10, 11-22.
Lasota, A., Tomaszek, K., Bosacki, S. (2019). Empathy and resilience as predictors of gratitude:
Dopes gender make a difference? Presentation on 19th European Conference on
Developmental Psychology, Athens, 28 August-1 September 2019.
Lasota, A., Tomaszek, K., Bosacki, S. (2018). Gratitude, empathy and resilience among
emerging adults in Poland. 48th Annual Meeting of the Jean Piaget Society, The Dynamics
of Development: Process, (inter-) Action, Complexity. Amsterdam, The Netherlands,
31 May-2 June 2018.
Liao, K.Y., Weng, C. (2018). Gratefulness and subjective well-being: Social connectedness
and presence of meaning as mediators. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 65,
383-393.
Lyubomirsky, S. (2008). Wybierz szczęście. Naukowe metody budowania życia jakiego
pragniesz. Warszawa: MT Biznes.
Lyubomirsky, S., Dickerhoof, R., Boehm, J.K., Sheldon, K.M. (2011). Becoming Happier
Takes Both a Will and a Proper Way: An Experimental Longitudinal Intervention to
Boost Well-Being. Emotion, 11(2), 391-402.
McCullough, M.E., Emmons, R.A., Tsang, J.A. (2002). The grateful disposition: A conceptual
and empirical topography. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 82,
112-127.
Oğuz Duran, N. (2017). The Revised Short Gratitude, Resentment, and Appreciation Test
(S-GRAT): Adaptation for Turkish college students. The Journal of Happiness & Well-
-Being, 5(1), 23-37.
Peterson, C., Seligman, M.E.P. (2004). Character Strengths and Virtues: A Handbook and
Classification. New York: Oxford University Press.
Petrocchi, N., Couyoumdjian, A. (2016). The impact of gratitude on depression and anxiety:
The mediating role of criticizing, attacking, and reassuring the self. Self- Identity,
15, 191-205.
Rash, J.A., Matsuba, M.K., Prkachin, K.M. (2011). Gratitude and well-being: Who benefits
the most from a gratitude intervention? Applied Psychology-Health and Well Being,
3(3), 350-369.
Rosenberg, E.L. (1998). Levels of Analysis and the Organization of Affect. Review of General
Psychology, 2(3), 247-270.
Smith, T.W. (2015). Wdzięczność. W: Księga ludzkich uczuć (s. 307-311). Warszawa: Wydawnictwo
WAB.
Taber, K.S. (2018). The Use of Cronbach’s Alpha When Developing and Reporting Research
Instruments in Science Education. Research in Science Education, 48(6),
1273-1296.
Thomas, N., Watkins, P. (2003). Measuring the Grateful Trait: Development of the Revised
GRAT. Poster presented to the Annual Convention of the Western Psychological Association,
May 2003, Vancouver, BC.
Tomaszek, K., Lasota, A. (2018). Gratitude and its measurement - the Polish adaptation
of the Grat-R Questionnaire. Czasopismo Psychologiczne, 24(2), 251-260.
Toussaint, L., Friedman, P. (2009). Forgiveness, gratitude, and well-being: The mediating
role of affect and beliefs. Journal of Happiness Studies: An Interdisciplinary Forum on
Subjective Well-Being, 10(6), 635-654.
Tsang, J. (2006). Gratitude and prosocial behavior: An experimental test of gratitude.
Cognition and Emotion, 20(1), 138-148.
van Tilburg, M.A.L., Unterberg, M., Vingerhoets, A.J.J.M. (2002). Crying during adolescence:
The role of gender, menarche, and empathy. British Journal of Developmental
Psychology, 20(1), 77-87.
Watkins, P.C., Woodward, K., Stone, T., Kolts, R.D. (2003). Gratitude and happiness: The
development of a measure of gratitude and its relationship with subjective well-
-being. Social Behavior and Personality, 31, 431-452.
Watkins, P.C. (2014). Gratitude and the good life: Toward a psychology of appreciation.
New York: Springer.
Watkins, P., Uhder, J., Pichinevskiy, S. (2015). Grateful recounting enhances subjective
well-being: The importance of grateful processing. The Journal of Positive Psychology,
10(2), 91-98.
Wolanin, A. (2019). Wdzięczność w psychologii - przegląd definicji, głównych ujęć
i koncepcji. Polskie Forum Psychologiczne, 15(3), 356-372. DOI: 10.14656/
PFP20190306. Online: https://pfp.ukw.edu.pl/page/pl/archive/article-full/432/
wolanin_wdziecznosc_w_psychologii/.
Wood, A.M., Maltby, J., Gillett, R., Linley, P.A., Joseph, S. (2008). The role of gratitude in the
development of social support, stress, and depression: Two longitudinal studies.
Journal of Research in Personality, 42, 854-871.
Wood, A.M., Joseph, S., Maltby, J. (2009). Gratitude predicts psychological well-being
above the Big Five facets. Personality and Individual Differences, 46(4), 443-447.
Wood, A.M., Froh, J.J., Geraghty, A.W.A. (2010). Gratitude and well-being: A review and
theoretical integration. Clinical Psychology Review, 30, 890-905.
Wright, K.B. (2005). Researching Internet-Based Populations: Advantages and Disadvantages
of Online Survey Research, Online Questionnaire Authoring Software
Packages, and Web Survey Services. Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication,
10(3), JCMC1034.
Yost-Dubrow, R., Dunham, Y. (2018). Evidence for a relationship between trait gratitude
and prosocial behaviour. Cognition & Emotion, 32, 397-403.
Zhou, X., Wu, X. (2015). Longitudinal relationships between gratitude, deliberate rumination
and posttraumatic growth in adolescents following the Wenchuan earthquake
in China. Scandinavian Journal of Psychology, 56(5), 567-572.
everyday life. Emotion, 8(3), 425-429.
Bartlett, M.Y., DeSteno, D. (2006). Gratitude and prosocial behavior helping when it costs
you. Psychological Science, 17(4), 319-325.
Bretz, S.L., McClary, L. (2014). Students’ understandings of acid strength: How meaningful
is reliability when measuring alternative conceptions? Journal of Chemical Education,
92(2), 212-219.
Chopik, W., Newton, N., Ryan, L., Kashdan, T., Jarden, A. (2019). Gratitude across the
lifespan: Age differences and links to subjective well-being. The Journal of Positive
Psychology, 14(3), 292-302.
Ciżkowicz, B. (2018). Omega McDonalda jako alternatywa dla Alfa Cronbacha w szacowaniu
rzetelności testu. Polskie Forum Psychologiczne, 23(2), 311-329.
Davis, M.H. (1980). A multidimentional approach to individual differences in empathy.
JSAS. Catalog of selected Documents in Psychology, 10, 85.
Davis, M.H. (1999). Empatia. O umiejętności wpółodczuwania. Gdańsk: Wyd. GWP.
DeWall, C.N., Lambert, N.M., Pond, R.S., Kashdan, T.B., Fincham, F.D. (2012). A grateful
heart is a nonviolent heart: Cross-sectional, experience sampling, longitudinal, and
experimental evidence. Social Psychological and Personality Science, 3(2), 232-240.
DOI: 10.1177/1948550611416675.
Disabato, D.J., Kashdan, T.B., Short, J.L., Jarden, A. (2017). What predicts positive life
events that influence the course of depression? A longitudinal examination of gratitude
and meaning in life. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 41, 444-458.
Elfers, J., Hlava, P. (2016). The spectrum of gratitude experience. London: Palgrave Macmillan.
DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-41030-2.
Emmons, R.A., McCullough, M.E. (2003). Counting blessings versus burdens: An experimental
investigation of gratitude and subjective well-being in daily life. Journal of
Personality and Social Psychology, 84(2), 377-389.
Freitas, L.B.L., Mercon-Vargas, E., Palhares, F., Tudge, J. (2019). Assessing variations in
the expression of gratitude in youth: A three-cohort replication in southern Brazil.
Current Psychology, 1-11.
Froh, J.J., Sefick, W.J., Emmons, R.A. (2008). Counting blessings in early adolescents: An
experimental study of gratitude and subjective well-being. Journal of School Psychology,
46(2), 213-233.
Froh, J.J., Miller, D.N., Snyder, S. (2007). Gratitude in children and adolescents: Development,
assessment, and school-based intervention. School Psychology Forum, 2,
1-13.
Garaigordobil, M. (2009). A Comparative Analysis of Empathy in Childhood and Adolescence:
Gender Differences and Associated Socio-emotional Variables. International
Journal of Psychology and Psychological Therapy, 9(2), 217-235.
Gerstorf, D., Ram, N., Mayraz, G., Hidajat, M., Lindenberger, U., Wagner, G.G., Schupp, J.
(2010). Late-life decline in well-being across adulthood in Germany, the UK, and
the US: Something is seriously wrong at the end of life. Psychology and Aging, 25(2),
477-485.
Gruszecka, E. (2014). Wdzięczność w relacjach przyjacielskich i koleżeńskich. Przegląd
Psychologiczny, 57(4), 447-461.
Jackowska, M., Brown, J., Ronaldson, A., Steptoe, A. (2016). The impact of a brief gratitude
intervention on subjective well-being, biology and sleep. Journal of Health Psychology.
DOI: 10.1177/1359105315572455.
Jans-Beken, L., Lataster, J., Leontjevas, R., Jacobs, N. (2015). Measuring Gratitude: A Comparative
Validation of the Dutch Gratitude Questionnaire (GQ6) and Short Gratitude,
Resentment, and Appreciation Test (SGRAT). Psychologica Belgica, 55(1), 19-31.
Jans-Beken, L. (2018). Appreciating Gratitude. New Perspectives on Gratitude-Mental Health
Connection. Heerlen: Open University.
Kashdan, T.B., Mishra, A., Breen, W.E., Froh, J.J. (2009). Gender differences in gratitude:
Examining appraisals, narratives, the willingness to express emotions, and changes
in psychological needs. Journal of Personality, 77(3), 691-730.
Killen, A., Macaskill, A. (2015). Using a gratitude intervention to enhance well-being in
older adults. Journal of Happiness Studies, 16(4), 947-964. DOI: 10.1007/s10902-
014-9542-3.
Kossakowska, M., Kwiatek, P. (2014). Polska adaptacja kwestionariusza do badania
wdzięczności GQ-6. Przegląd Psychologiczny, 57(4), 503-514.
Kraut, R., Kiesler, S., Boneva, B., Cummings, J.N., Helgeson, V., Crawford, A.M. (2002). Internet
paradox revisited. Journal of Social Issues, 58(1), 49-74.
Kwiatek, P. (2012). Przeszkody i strategie rozwoju wdzięczności w świetle współczesnych
badań psychologicznych. Seminare, 32, 151-163.
Lasota, A. (2017). Association of affective and cognitive empathy with various dimensions...
of aggression among Polish adolescent. Annales Universitatis Paedagogicae
Cracoviensis. Studia Psychologica, 10, 11-22.
Lasota, A., Tomaszek, K., Bosacki, S. (2019). Empathy and resilience as predictors of gratitude:
Dopes gender make a difference? Presentation on 19th European Conference on
Developmental Psychology, Athens, 28 August-1 September 2019.
Lasota, A., Tomaszek, K., Bosacki, S. (2018). Gratitude, empathy and resilience among
emerging adults in Poland. 48th Annual Meeting of the Jean Piaget Society, The Dynamics
of Development: Process, (inter-) Action, Complexity. Amsterdam, The Netherlands,
31 May-2 June 2018.
Liao, K.Y., Weng, C. (2018). Gratefulness and subjective well-being: Social connectedness
and presence of meaning as mediators. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 65,
383-393.
Lyubomirsky, S. (2008). Wybierz szczęście. Naukowe metody budowania życia jakiego
pragniesz. Warszawa: MT Biznes.
Lyubomirsky, S., Dickerhoof, R., Boehm, J.K., Sheldon, K.M. (2011). Becoming Happier
Takes Both a Will and a Proper Way: An Experimental Longitudinal Intervention to
Boost Well-Being. Emotion, 11(2), 391-402.
McCullough, M.E., Emmons, R.A., Tsang, J.A. (2002). The grateful disposition: A conceptual
and empirical topography. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 82,
112-127.
Oğuz Duran, N. (2017). The Revised Short Gratitude, Resentment, and Appreciation Test
(S-GRAT): Adaptation for Turkish college students. The Journal of Happiness & Well-
-Being, 5(1), 23-37.
Peterson, C., Seligman, M.E.P. (2004). Character Strengths and Virtues: A Handbook and
Classification. New York: Oxford University Press.
Petrocchi, N., Couyoumdjian, A. (2016). The impact of gratitude on depression and anxiety:
The mediating role of criticizing, attacking, and reassuring the self. Self- Identity,
15, 191-205.
Rash, J.A., Matsuba, M.K., Prkachin, K.M. (2011). Gratitude and well-being: Who benefits
the most from a gratitude intervention? Applied Psychology-Health and Well Being,
3(3), 350-369.
Rosenberg, E.L. (1998). Levels of Analysis and the Organization of Affect. Review of General
Psychology, 2(3), 247-270.
Smith, T.W. (2015). Wdzięczność. W: Księga ludzkich uczuć (s. 307-311). Warszawa: Wydawnictwo
WAB.
Taber, K.S. (2018). The Use of Cronbach’s Alpha When Developing and Reporting Research
Instruments in Science Education. Research in Science Education, 48(6),
1273-1296.
Thomas, N., Watkins, P. (2003). Measuring the Grateful Trait: Development of the Revised
GRAT. Poster presented to the Annual Convention of the Western Psychological Association,
May 2003, Vancouver, BC.
Tomaszek, K., Lasota, A. (2018). Gratitude and its measurement - the Polish adaptation
of the Grat-R Questionnaire. Czasopismo Psychologiczne, 24(2), 251-260.
Toussaint, L., Friedman, P. (2009). Forgiveness, gratitude, and well-being: The mediating
role of affect and beliefs. Journal of Happiness Studies: An Interdisciplinary Forum on
Subjective Well-Being, 10(6), 635-654.
Tsang, J. (2006). Gratitude and prosocial behavior: An experimental test of gratitude.
Cognition and Emotion, 20(1), 138-148.
van Tilburg, M.A.L., Unterberg, M., Vingerhoets, A.J.J.M. (2002). Crying during adolescence:
The role of gender, menarche, and empathy. British Journal of Developmental
Psychology, 20(1), 77-87.
Watkins, P.C., Woodward, K., Stone, T., Kolts, R.D. (2003). Gratitude and happiness: The
development of a measure of gratitude and its relationship with subjective well-
-being. Social Behavior and Personality, 31, 431-452.
Watkins, P.C. (2014). Gratitude and the good life: Toward a psychology of appreciation.
New York: Springer.
Watkins, P., Uhder, J., Pichinevskiy, S. (2015). Grateful recounting enhances subjective
well-being: The importance of grateful processing. The Journal of Positive Psychology,
10(2), 91-98.
Wolanin, A. (2019). Wdzięczność w psychologii - przegląd definicji, głównych ujęć
i koncepcji. Polskie Forum Psychologiczne, 15(3), 356-372. DOI: 10.14656/
PFP20190306. Online: https://pfp.ukw.edu.pl/page/pl/archive/article-full/432/
wolanin_wdziecznosc_w_psychologii/.
Wood, A.M., Maltby, J., Gillett, R., Linley, P.A., Joseph, S. (2008). The role of gratitude in the
development of social support, stress, and depression: Two longitudinal studies.
Journal of Research in Personality, 42, 854-871.
Wood, A.M., Joseph, S., Maltby, J. (2009). Gratitude predicts psychological well-being
above the Big Five facets. Personality and Individual Differences, 46(4), 443-447.
Wood, A.M., Froh, J.J., Geraghty, A.W.A. (2010). Gratitude and well-being: A review and
theoretical integration. Clinical Psychology Review, 30, 890-905.
Wright, K.B. (2005). Researching Internet-Based Populations: Advantages and Disadvantages
of Online Survey Research, Online Questionnaire Authoring Software
Packages, and Web Survey Services. Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication,
10(3), JCMC1034.
Yost-Dubrow, R., Dunham, Y. (2018). Evidence for a relationship between trait gratitude
and prosocial behaviour. Cognition & Emotion, 32, 397-403.
Zhou, X., Wu, X. (2015). Longitudinal relationships between gratitude, deliberate rumination
and posttraumatic growth in adolescents following the Wenchuan earthquake
in China. Scandinavian Journal of Psychology, 56(5), 567-572.
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Tomaszek, K., & Lasota, A. (2019). Struktura czynnikowa wdzięczności. Wstępne badania adaptacyjne nad skalą SGRAT-PL. Annales Universitatis Paedagogicae Cracoviensis Studia Psychologica, 12, 79–97. https://doi.org/10.24917/20845596.12.4
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