Skala Urojeń Peters i współpracowników (PDI) jako narzędzie do badania doświadczeń podobnych do psychotycznych w populacji ogólnej
Słowa kluczowe:
doświadczenia podobne do psychotycznych, hipoteza kontinuum psychotycznego, Peters et al. Delusions Inventory, skale do pomiaru doświadczeń quasi-psychotycznychAbstrakt
Celem artykułu jest omówienie zjawiska doświadczeń podobnych do psychotycznych (ang. PLEs - psychotic-like experiences) oraz przedstawienie narzędzi do pomiaru doświadczeń quasi-urojeniowych - skali Peters et. al. Delusions Inventory (PDI, Peters, Pickering, & Hemsley, 1999), jej skróconej wersji - PDI-21 (Peters, Joseph, Day, & Garety, 2004), a także polskiej adaptacji skali PDI - Skali Urojeń Peters i współpracowników (Prochwicz & Gawęda, 2015). Skale pozwalają na pomiar w populacji ogólnej doświadczeń quasi-psychotycznych z kontinuum urojeń. PDI-40 oraz PDI-21 posiadają zarówno wysoką rzetelność, jak i trafność. Oprócz częstości występowania poszczególnych doświadczeń, skala mierzy związany z nimi dystres, stopień zaabsorbowania niezwykłymi myślami oraz wiarę w prawdziwość przekonań. Badania z użyciem narzędzia pokazały, że różnica pomiędzy osobami zdrowymi i diagnozowanymi z powodu zaburzeń psychotycznych ma charakter przede wszystkich jakościowy, a nie tylko ilościowy. Oprócz opisu narzędzia w artykule przedstawiona została hipoteza kontinuum zaburzeń psychotycznych i wspierające ją badania empiryczne, jak również czynniki demograficzne, biologiczne i społeczne związane z występowaniem doświadczeń quasi-psychotycznych.Bibliografia
Blanchard, M.M., Jacobson, S., Clarke, M.C., Connor, D., Helleher, I., Garavan, H., Harley, M., & Cannon, M. (2010). Language, motor and speed of processing deficits in adolescents with subclinical psychotic symptoms. Schizophrenia Research,123, 71-76.
Bleuler, E. (1911/1950). Dementia Praecox or the Group of Schizophrenias. New York: International Universities Press.
Cannon, T.D., Mednick, S.A., & Parnas, J. (1990). Antecedents of predominantly negative- and predominantly positive symptom schizophrenia in a high-risk population. Archives of General Psychiatry,47, 622-632.
Claridge, G.S. (1994). Single indicator of risk for schizophrenia: Probable fact or likely myth? Schizophrenia Bulletin,20 (1), 151-168.
Claridge, G.S., & Broks, P. (1984). Schizotypy and hemisphere function: I. Theoretical considerations and the measurement of schizotypy. Personality and Individual Differences,5, 633-648.
Debbané, M., Badoud, D., Balanzin, D., & Eliez, S. (2013). Broadly defined risk mental states during adolescence: Disorganization mediates positive schizotypal expression. Schizophrenia Research,147, 153-156.
Debbané, M., & Barrantes-Vidal, N. (2015). Schizotypy from adevelopmental perspective. Schizophrenia Bulletin,41, 386-395.
Eckblad, M., & Chapman, L.J. (1983). Magical ideation as an indicator of schizotypy. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology,51, 215-225.
Fisher, H.L., Caspi, A., Poulton, R., Meier, M.H., Houts, R., Harrington, H., Arseneault, L., & Moffitt, T.E. (2013). Specificity of childhood psychotic symptoms for predicting schizophrenia by 38 years of age: Abirth cohort study. Psychological Medicine,43,2077-2086.
Fonseca-Pedrero, E., & Debbané, M. (2017). Schizotypal traits and psychotic-like experiencesduring adolescence: An update. Psichothema,29,5-17.
Fonseca-Pedrero, E., Lemos-Giraldez, S., Paino, M., & Sierra-Baigrie, S. (2011). Psychoticlike Experiences in Nonclinical Adolescents. In M.S. Payne (Ed.), Hallucinations: Types, Stages and Treatments (pp. 131-146). New York: Nova Science Publishers.
Foulds, G.A., & Bedford, A. (1975). Hierarchy of classes of personal illness. Psychological Medicine,5, 181-192.
Garety, P.A., & Hemsley, D.R. (1987). Characteristics of delusional experience. European Archives of Psychiatry and Neurological Science, 236, 294-298.
Garety, P.A., & Hemsley, D.R. (1994). Delusions: Investigations Into the Psychology of Delusional Reasoning. Oxford: Oxford UniversityPress.
Gawęda, Ł., Holas, P., & Kokoszka, A. (2012). Dysfunkcjonalne przekonania metapoznaw-cze oraz lęk, depresja isamoocena uosób zdrowych psychicznie mających doświadczenia podobne do omamów. Psychiatria Polska,6, 933-949.
Gawęda, Ł., & Kokoszka, A. (2011). Polska wersja Zmodyfikowanej Skali Halucynacji (RHS) Morrisona iwsp. Analiza czynnikowa skali oraz częstotliwość występowania doświadczeń podobnych do omamów wśród osób zdrowych psychicznie. Psychiatria Polska,45 (4), 527-543.
Gawęda, Ł., Prochwicz, K., & Cella, M. (2015). Cognitive biases mediate the relationship between temperament and character and psychotic-like experiences in healthy adults.Psychiatry Research,225,50-57.
Harrow, M., Rattenbury, F., & Stoll, F. (1998). Schizophrenic delusions: An analysis of their persistence, of related premorbid ideas and three major dimensions. In T.F. Oltmanns, & B.A. Maher (Eds.), Delusional Beliefs (pp. 184-212).New York: Wiley.
Johns, L., & van Os, J. (2001). The continuity of psychotic experiences in the general population.Clinical Psychology Review,21,1125-1141.
Jones, S., & Fernyhough, C. (2007). Reliability of factorial structure of the Peters et al. delusions inventory (PDI-21). Personality and Individual Differences,43, 647-656.
Jung, H.Y., Chang, J.S., Yi, J.S., Hwang, S., Shin, H.K., Kim, J.H., Cho, I.E., & Kim, Y.S. (2008). Measuring psychosis proneness in anonclinical Korean population: is the Peters et alDelusions Inventory useful for assessing high-risk individuals? Comprehensive Psychiatry,49,202-210.
Kao, Y.C., Wang, T.Z., Lu, C.W., Cheng, T.H., & Liu, Y.P. (2012). The psychometric properties of the Peters et al. Delusions Inventory (PDI) in Taiwan: reliability, validity, and utility. Soc.Psychiatry Psychiatr. Epidemiol,47, 1221-1234.
Kelleher, I., & Cannon, M. (2011). Psychotic-like experiences in the general population: characterizing ahigh-risk group for psychosis. Psychological Medicine,41, 1-6.
Kendler, K.S., Gallagher, T.J., Abelson, J.M., & Kessler, R.C. (1996). Lifetime prevalence, demographic risk factors, and diagnostic validity of nonaffective psychosis as assessed in a US community sample. The National Comorbidity Survey. Archives of General Psychiatry,53,1022-1031.
Krawiecka, M., Goldberg, D., & Vaughan, M. (1977). Astandardized psychiatric assessment scale forrating chronic psychotic patients. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica,55, 299-308.
Lataster, T., Myin-Germeys, I., Derom, C., Thiery, E., & van Os, J. (2009). Evidence that self-reported psychotic experiences represent these transitory developmental expression of genetic liability to psychosis in the general population. American Journal of Medical Genetics. Part B, Neuropsychiatric Genetics,150B, 1078-1084.
Lee, K., Chan, K., Chang, W., Lee, E., Hui, C., & Chen, E. (2016). Asystematic review on definitions and assessments of psychotic-like experiences. Early Intervention in Psychiatry,10 (1), 3-16.
Lincoln, T.M. (2007). Relevant dimensions of delusions: continuing the continuum versus category debate. Schizophr. Res,93, 211-220.
Linscott, R.J., & van Os, J. (2013). An updated and conservative systematic review and meta-analysis ofepidemiological evidence on psychotic experiences in children and adults: On the pathway from proneness to persistence to dimensional expression across mental disorders. Psychological Medicine,43, 1133-1149.
Lopez-Ilundain J.M., Perez-Nievas E., Otero M., & Mata, I. (2006). Peter’s delusions inventory in Spanish general population: internal reliability, factor structure and association with demographic variables (dimensionality of delusional ideation). Actas Espanolas De Psiquiatria,34 (2), 94-104.
Lundberg, P., Cantor-Graae, E., Kabakyenga, J., Rukundo, G., & Ostergren, P.O. (2004).Prevalence of delusional ideation in adistrict in southwestern Uganda. Schizophrenia Research,71 (1), 27-34.
Meehl, P. (1962), Schizotaxia, schizotypy, schizophrenia. American Psychologist,17, 827-838.
Nuevo, R., Chatterji, S., Verdes, E., Naidoo, N., Arango, C., & Ayuso-Mateos, J.L. (2012). The Continuum of Psychotic Symptoms in the General Population: ACross-national Study. Schizophrenia Bulletin,38, 475-485.
Peters, E., Pickering, A., & Hemsley, D.R. (1999). Measurement of delusional ideation in the normal population: Introducing the PDI (Peters et. al. Delusions Inventory). Schizophrenia Bulletin, 25 (3), 553-576.
Peters, E., Joseph, S., Day, S., & Garety, P. (2004). Measuring Delusional Ideation: The 21-Item Peters et al. Delusions Inventory (PDI). Schizophrenia Bulletin, 30 (4),1005-1022.
Polanczyk, G., Moffitt, T.E., Arseneault, L., Cannon, M., Ambler, A., Keefe, R.S.E., Houts, R., Odgers, C.L., & Caspi, A. (2010). Childhood psychotic symptoms share etiological and clinical features with adult schizophrenia: results from arepresentative birth cohort. Archives of General Psychiatry,67, 328-338.
Prochwicz, K., & Gawęda, Ł. (2015). Analiza czynnikowa iocena rzetelności polskiej wersji Skali Urojeń Peters iwsp. oraz częstotliwość występowania doświadczeń podobnych do urojeń wpopulacji polskiej. Psychiatria Polska,49 (6), 1203-1222.
Preti, A., Maronigu, S., Petretto, D.R., Miotto, P., & Masala, C. (2007). Unusual psychotic experiences. Validation of the Italian version of the Peters et al. Delusion Inventory. Psychiatry Research,48, 62-69.
Poulton, R., Caspi, A., Moffitt, T.E., Cannon, M., Murray, R., & Harrington, H. (2000). Children’s self-reported psychotic symptoms and adult schizophreniform disorders: 15-year longitudinal study. Archives of General Psychiatry,57, 1053-1058.
Sidgwick, H., Johnson, A., Myers, F.W.H., Podmore, F., & Sigwick, E.M. (1894). Report of the census of hallucinations. Proceedings of the Society for Psychical Research,26,259-394.
Sisti, D., Rocchi, M.B.L., Siddi, S.S., Mura, T., Manca, S., Preti, A., & Petretto, D.R. (2012). Preocuppation and distress and relevant dimensions in delusional beliefs. Comprehensive Psychiatry,53,1039-1043.
Spauwen, J., Krabbendam, L., Lieb, R., Wittchen, H.U., & van Os, J. (2006). Evidence that the outcome of developmental expression of psychosis is worse for adolescents growing up in an urban environment. Psychological Medicine,36,407-415.
van Os, J., Hanssen, M., Bijl, R.V., & Ravelli, A. (2000). Strauss (1969) revisited: apsychosis continuum in the general population? Schizophrenia Research,45, 11-20.
van Os, J., Linscott, R.J., Myin-Germeys, I., Delespaul, P., & Krabbendam, I. (2009). A systematic review and meta-analysis of the psychosis continuum: evidence for a psychosis proneness - persistent-impairment model of psychotic disorder. Psychological Medicine,39, 179-195.
van Os, J., Verdoux, H., Maurice-Tison, S., Gay, B., Liraud, F., Salamon, R., & Bourgeois, M. (1999). Self-reported psychosis-like symptoms and the continuum of psychosis. Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology,34, 459-463.
Verdoux, H., Maurice-Tison, S., Gay, B., van Os, J., Salamon, R., & Bourgeois, M. (1998a). Asurvey of delusional ideation in primary care patients. Psychological Medicine,28,127-134.
Verdoux, H., van Os, J., Maurice-Tison, S., Gay, B., Salamon, R., & Bourgeois, M. (1998b). Is early adulthood acritical developmental stage for psychosis proneness? Asurvey of delusional ideation in normal subjects.Schizophrenia Research,29, 247-254.
Verdoux, H., & van Os., J. (2002). Psychotic symptoms in non-clinical populations and continuum of psychosis. Schizophrenia Research,54, 59-65.
Welham, J., Scott, J., Williams, G., Najman, J., Bor, W., O’Callaghan, M., & McGrath, J. (2009). Emotional and behavioural antecedents of young adults who screen positive for non-affective psychosis: a21-year birth cohort study. Psychological Medicine, 39,625-634.
Wing, J.K., Cooper, J.E., & Sartorius, N. (1974). The measurement and classification of psychiatric symptoms. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Yamasaki, S., Tanaka, S., Morimoto, S., Yamasue, H., Iwanami, A., & Tanno, Y. (2004).Reliability and validity of the Japanese version of PDI (Peters et al. Delusion Inventory). Japanese Journal of Clinical Psychiatry,33, 911-918.
Yung, A.R., Nelson, B., Baker, K., Buckby, J.A., Baksheev, G., & Cosgrave, E.M. (2009). Psychotic-like experiences in acommunity sample of adolescents: Implications for the continuum model of psychosis and prediction of schizophrenia. Australian and New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry,43, 118-128.
Bleuler, E. (1911/1950). Dementia Praecox or the Group of Schizophrenias. New York: International Universities Press.
Cannon, T.D., Mednick, S.A., & Parnas, J. (1990). Antecedents of predominantly negative- and predominantly positive symptom schizophrenia in a high-risk population. Archives of General Psychiatry,47, 622-632.
Claridge, G.S. (1994). Single indicator of risk for schizophrenia: Probable fact or likely myth? Schizophrenia Bulletin,20 (1), 151-168.
Claridge, G.S., & Broks, P. (1984). Schizotypy and hemisphere function: I. Theoretical considerations and the measurement of schizotypy. Personality and Individual Differences,5, 633-648.
Debbané, M., Badoud, D., Balanzin, D., & Eliez, S. (2013). Broadly defined risk mental states during adolescence: Disorganization mediates positive schizotypal expression. Schizophrenia Research,147, 153-156.
Debbané, M., & Barrantes-Vidal, N. (2015). Schizotypy from adevelopmental perspective. Schizophrenia Bulletin,41, 386-395.
Eckblad, M., & Chapman, L.J. (1983). Magical ideation as an indicator of schizotypy. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology,51, 215-225.
Fisher, H.L., Caspi, A., Poulton, R., Meier, M.H., Houts, R., Harrington, H., Arseneault, L., & Moffitt, T.E. (2013). Specificity of childhood psychotic symptoms for predicting schizophrenia by 38 years of age: Abirth cohort study. Psychological Medicine,43,2077-2086.
Fonseca-Pedrero, E., & Debbané, M. (2017). Schizotypal traits and psychotic-like experiencesduring adolescence: An update. Psichothema,29,5-17.
Fonseca-Pedrero, E., Lemos-Giraldez, S., Paino, M., & Sierra-Baigrie, S. (2011). Psychoticlike Experiences in Nonclinical Adolescents. In M.S. Payne (Ed.), Hallucinations: Types, Stages and Treatments (pp. 131-146). New York: Nova Science Publishers.
Foulds, G.A., & Bedford, A. (1975). Hierarchy of classes of personal illness. Psychological Medicine,5, 181-192.
Garety, P.A., & Hemsley, D.R. (1987). Characteristics of delusional experience. European Archives of Psychiatry and Neurological Science, 236, 294-298.
Garety, P.A., & Hemsley, D.R. (1994). Delusions: Investigations Into the Psychology of Delusional Reasoning. Oxford: Oxford UniversityPress.
Gawęda, Ł., Holas, P., & Kokoszka, A. (2012). Dysfunkcjonalne przekonania metapoznaw-cze oraz lęk, depresja isamoocena uosób zdrowych psychicznie mających doświadczenia podobne do omamów. Psychiatria Polska,6, 933-949.
Gawęda, Ł., & Kokoszka, A. (2011). Polska wersja Zmodyfikowanej Skali Halucynacji (RHS) Morrisona iwsp. Analiza czynnikowa skali oraz częstotliwość występowania doświadczeń podobnych do omamów wśród osób zdrowych psychicznie. Psychiatria Polska,45 (4), 527-543.
Gawęda, Ł., Prochwicz, K., & Cella, M. (2015). Cognitive biases mediate the relationship between temperament and character and psychotic-like experiences in healthy adults.Psychiatry Research,225,50-57.
Harrow, M., Rattenbury, F., & Stoll, F. (1998). Schizophrenic delusions: An analysis of their persistence, of related premorbid ideas and three major dimensions. In T.F. Oltmanns, & B.A. Maher (Eds.), Delusional Beliefs (pp. 184-212).New York: Wiley.
Johns, L., & van Os, J. (2001). The continuity of psychotic experiences in the general population.Clinical Psychology Review,21,1125-1141.
Jones, S., & Fernyhough, C. (2007). Reliability of factorial structure of the Peters et al. delusions inventory (PDI-21). Personality and Individual Differences,43, 647-656.
Jung, H.Y., Chang, J.S., Yi, J.S., Hwang, S., Shin, H.K., Kim, J.H., Cho, I.E., & Kim, Y.S. (2008). Measuring psychosis proneness in anonclinical Korean population: is the Peters et alDelusions Inventory useful for assessing high-risk individuals? Comprehensive Psychiatry,49,202-210.
Kao, Y.C., Wang, T.Z., Lu, C.W., Cheng, T.H., & Liu, Y.P. (2012). The psychometric properties of the Peters et al. Delusions Inventory (PDI) in Taiwan: reliability, validity, and utility. Soc.Psychiatry Psychiatr. Epidemiol,47, 1221-1234.
Kelleher, I., & Cannon, M. (2011). Psychotic-like experiences in the general population: characterizing ahigh-risk group for psychosis. Psychological Medicine,41, 1-6.
Kendler, K.S., Gallagher, T.J., Abelson, J.M., & Kessler, R.C. (1996). Lifetime prevalence, demographic risk factors, and diagnostic validity of nonaffective psychosis as assessed in a US community sample. The National Comorbidity Survey. Archives of General Psychiatry,53,1022-1031.
Krawiecka, M., Goldberg, D., & Vaughan, M. (1977). Astandardized psychiatric assessment scale forrating chronic psychotic patients. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica,55, 299-308.
Lataster, T., Myin-Germeys, I., Derom, C., Thiery, E., & van Os, J. (2009). Evidence that self-reported psychotic experiences represent these transitory developmental expression of genetic liability to psychosis in the general population. American Journal of Medical Genetics. Part B, Neuropsychiatric Genetics,150B, 1078-1084.
Lee, K., Chan, K., Chang, W., Lee, E., Hui, C., & Chen, E. (2016). Asystematic review on definitions and assessments of psychotic-like experiences. Early Intervention in Psychiatry,10 (1), 3-16.
Lincoln, T.M. (2007). Relevant dimensions of delusions: continuing the continuum versus category debate. Schizophr. Res,93, 211-220.
Linscott, R.J., & van Os, J. (2013). An updated and conservative systematic review and meta-analysis ofepidemiological evidence on psychotic experiences in children and adults: On the pathway from proneness to persistence to dimensional expression across mental disorders. Psychological Medicine,43, 1133-1149.
Lopez-Ilundain J.M., Perez-Nievas E., Otero M., & Mata, I. (2006). Peter’s delusions inventory in Spanish general population: internal reliability, factor structure and association with demographic variables (dimensionality of delusional ideation). Actas Espanolas De Psiquiatria,34 (2), 94-104.
Lundberg, P., Cantor-Graae, E., Kabakyenga, J., Rukundo, G., & Ostergren, P.O. (2004).Prevalence of delusional ideation in adistrict in southwestern Uganda. Schizophrenia Research,71 (1), 27-34.
Meehl, P. (1962), Schizotaxia, schizotypy, schizophrenia. American Psychologist,17, 827-838.
Nuevo, R., Chatterji, S., Verdes, E., Naidoo, N., Arango, C., & Ayuso-Mateos, J.L. (2012). The Continuum of Psychotic Symptoms in the General Population: ACross-national Study. Schizophrenia Bulletin,38, 475-485.
Peters, E., Pickering, A., & Hemsley, D.R. (1999). Measurement of delusional ideation in the normal population: Introducing the PDI (Peters et. al. Delusions Inventory). Schizophrenia Bulletin, 25 (3), 553-576.
Peters, E., Joseph, S., Day, S., & Garety, P. (2004). Measuring Delusional Ideation: The 21-Item Peters et al. Delusions Inventory (PDI). Schizophrenia Bulletin, 30 (4),1005-1022.
Polanczyk, G., Moffitt, T.E., Arseneault, L., Cannon, M., Ambler, A., Keefe, R.S.E., Houts, R., Odgers, C.L., & Caspi, A. (2010). Childhood psychotic symptoms share etiological and clinical features with adult schizophrenia: results from arepresentative birth cohort. Archives of General Psychiatry,67, 328-338.
Prochwicz, K., & Gawęda, Ł. (2015). Analiza czynnikowa iocena rzetelności polskiej wersji Skali Urojeń Peters iwsp. oraz częstotliwość występowania doświadczeń podobnych do urojeń wpopulacji polskiej. Psychiatria Polska,49 (6), 1203-1222.
Preti, A., Maronigu, S., Petretto, D.R., Miotto, P., & Masala, C. (2007). Unusual psychotic experiences. Validation of the Italian version of the Peters et al. Delusion Inventory. Psychiatry Research,48, 62-69.
Poulton, R., Caspi, A., Moffitt, T.E., Cannon, M., Murray, R., & Harrington, H. (2000). Children’s self-reported psychotic symptoms and adult schizophreniform disorders: 15-year longitudinal study. Archives of General Psychiatry,57, 1053-1058.
Sidgwick, H., Johnson, A., Myers, F.W.H., Podmore, F., & Sigwick, E.M. (1894). Report of the census of hallucinations. Proceedings of the Society for Psychical Research,26,259-394.
Sisti, D., Rocchi, M.B.L., Siddi, S.S., Mura, T., Manca, S., Preti, A., & Petretto, D.R. (2012). Preocuppation and distress and relevant dimensions in delusional beliefs. Comprehensive Psychiatry,53,1039-1043.
Spauwen, J., Krabbendam, L., Lieb, R., Wittchen, H.U., & van Os, J. (2006). Evidence that the outcome of developmental expression of psychosis is worse for adolescents growing up in an urban environment. Psychological Medicine,36,407-415.
van Os, J., Hanssen, M., Bijl, R.V., & Ravelli, A. (2000). Strauss (1969) revisited: apsychosis continuum in the general population? Schizophrenia Research,45, 11-20.
van Os, J., Linscott, R.J., Myin-Germeys, I., Delespaul, P., & Krabbendam, I. (2009). A systematic review and meta-analysis of the psychosis continuum: evidence for a psychosis proneness - persistent-impairment model of psychotic disorder. Psychological Medicine,39, 179-195.
van Os, J., Verdoux, H., Maurice-Tison, S., Gay, B., Liraud, F., Salamon, R., & Bourgeois, M. (1999). Self-reported psychosis-like symptoms and the continuum of psychosis. Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology,34, 459-463.
Verdoux, H., Maurice-Tison, S., Gay, B., van Os, J., Salamon, R., & Bourgeois, M. (1998a). Asurvey of delusional ideation in primary care patients. Psychological Medicine,28,127-134.
Verdoux, H., van Os, J., Maurice-Tison, S., Gay, B., Salamon, R., & Bourgeois, M. (1998b). Is early adulthood acritical developmental stage for psychosis proneness? Asurvey of delusional ideation in normal subjects.Schizophrenia Research,29, 247-254.
Verdoux, H., & van Os., J. (2002). Psychotic symptoms in non-clinical populations and continuum of psychosis. Schizophrenia Research,54, 59-65.
Welham, J., Scott, J., Williams, G., Najman, J., Bor, W., O’Callaghan, M., & McGrath, J. (2009). Emotional and behavioural antecedents of young adults who screen positive for non-affective psychosis: a21-year birth cohort study. Psychological Medicine, 39,625-634.
Wing, J.K., Cooper, J.E., & Sartorius, N. (1974). The measurement and classification of psychiatric symptoms. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Yamasaki, S., Tanaka, S., Morimoto, S., Yamasue, H., Iwanami, A., & Tanno, Y. (2004).Reliability and validity of the Japanese version of PDI (Peters et al. Delusion Inventory). Japanese Journal of Clinical Psychiatry,33, 911-918.
Yung, A.R., Nelson, B., Baker, K., Buckby, J.A., Baksheev, G., & Cosgrave, E.M. (2009). Psychotic-like experiences in acommunity sample of adolescents: Implications for the continuum model of psychosis and prediction of schizophrenia. Australian and New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry,43, 118-128.
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2017-12-01
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Potoczek, A., & Prochwicz, K. (2017). Skala Urojeń Peters i współpracowników (PDI) jako narzędzie do badania doświadczeń podobnych do psychotycznych w populacji ogólnej. Annales Universitatis Paedagogicae Cracoviensis Studia Psychologica, 10(1), 222–237. Pobrano z https://studia-psychologica.uken.krakow.pl/article/view/5648
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