Peters and colleagues Delusions Inventory as a tool to measure psychotic-like experiences in the general population
Keywords:
psychotic-like experiences, continuum hypothesis of psychosis, Peters et al. Delusions Inventory, delusional ideation scalesAbstract
The aim of the article is to discuss the psychotic-like experiences (PLEs) phenomena, as well as to present the scales designed to measure it: the Peters et al. Delusions Inventory (PDI, Peters, Pickering, & Hemsley, 1999), its short version - PDI-21 (Peters, Joseph, Day, & Garety, 2004), as well as the Polish adaptation of the PDI scale (pol. Skala Urojeń Peters i współpracowników, Prochwicz & Gawęda, 2015). The scales were designed to measure delusional ideation in the general population. Their psychometric properties confirmed that they are valid and reliable instruments to measure psychotic-like experiences. The scales can be used not only to measure the number of PLEs reported by an individual, but they also measure distress, preoccupation, and conviction associated with them. Studies conducted using PDI scales have shown that the differences between clinical and healthy populations are not only quantitative, but also - and primarily - qualitative. Apart from the description of the instruments, the article presents the continuum hypothesis of psychosis and empirical studies that support it, as well as demographic, biological, and social factors related to psychotic-like experiences.References
Blanchard, M.M., Jacobson, S., Clarke, M.C., Connor, D., Helleher, I., Garavan, H., Harley, M., & Cannon, M. (2010). Language, motor and speed of processing deficits in adolescents with subclinical psychotic symptoms. Schizophrenia Research,123, 71-76.
Bleuler, E. (1911/1950). Dementia Praecox or the Group of Schizophrenias. New York: International Universities Press.
Cannon, T.D., Mednick, S.A., & Parnas, J. (1990). Antecedents of predominantly negative- and predominantly positive symptom schizophrenia in a high-risk population. Archives of General Psychiatry,47, 622-632.
Claridge, G.S. (1994). Single indicator of risk for schizophrenia: Probable fact or likely myth? Schizophrenia Bulletin,20 (1), 151-168.
Claridge, G.S., & Broks, P. (1984). Schizotypy and hemisphere function: I. Theoretical considerations and the measurement of schizotypy. Personality and Individual Differences,5, 633-648.
Debbané, M., Badoud, D., Balanzin, D., & Eliez, S. (2013). Broadly defined risk mental states during adolescence: Disorganization mediates positive schizotypal expression. Schizophrenia Research,147, 153-156.
Debbané, M., & Barrantes-Vidal, N. (2015). Schizotypy from adevelopmental perspective. Schizophrenia Bulletin,41, 386-395.
Eckblad, M., & Chapman, L.J. (1983). Magical ideation as an indicator of schizotypy. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology,51, 215-225.
Fisher, H.L., Caspi, A., Poulton, R., Meier, M.H., Houts, R., Harrington, H., Arseneault, L., & Moffitt, T.E. (2013). Specificity of childhood psychotic symptoms for predicting schizophrenia by 38 years of age: Abirth cohort study. Psychological Medicine,43,2077-2086.
Fonseca-Pedrero, E., & Debbané, M. (2017). Schizotypal traits and psychotic-like experiencesduring adolescence: An update. Psichothema,29,5-17.
Fonseca-Pedrero, E., Lemos-Giraldez, S., Paino, M., & Sierra-Baigrie, S. (2011). Psychoticlike Experiences in Nonclinical Adolescents. In M.S. Payne (Ed.), Hallucinations: Types, Stages and Treatments (pp. 131-146). New York: Nova Science Publishers.
Foulds, G.A., & Bedford, A. (1975). Hierarchy of classes of personal illness. Psychological Medicine,5, 181-192.
Garety, P.A., & Hemsley, D.R. (1987). Characteristics of delusional experience. European Archives of Psychiatry and Neurological Science, 236, 294-298.
Garety, P.A., & Hemsley, D.R. (1994). Delusions: Investigations Into the Psychology of Delusional Reasoning. Oxford: Oxford UniversityPress.
Gawęda, Ł., Holas, P., & Kokoszka, A. (2012). Dysfunkcjonalne przekonania metapoznaw-cze oraz lęk, depresja isamoocena uosób zdrowych psychicznie mających doświadczenia podobne do omamów. Psychiatria Polska,6, 933-949.
Gawęda, Ł., & Kokoszka, A. (2011). Polska wersja Zmodyfikowanej Skali Halucynacji (RHS) Morrisona iwsp. Analiza czynnikowa skali oraz częstotliwość występowania doświadczeń podobnych do omamów wśród osób zdrowych psychicznie. Psychiatria Polska,45 (4), 527-543.
Gawęda, Ł., Prochwicz, K., & Cella, M. (2015). Cognitive biases mediate the relationship between temperament and character and psychotic-like experiences in healthy adults.Psychiatry Research,225,50-57.
Harrow, M., Rattenbury, F., & Stoll, F. (1998). Schizophrenic delusions: An analysis of their persistence, of related premorbid ideas and three major dimensions. In T.F. Oltmanns, & B.A. Maher (Eds.), Delusional Beliefs (pp. 184-212).New York: Wiley.
Johns, L., & van Os, J. (2001). The continuity of psychotic experiences in the general population.Clinical Psychology Review,21,1125-1141.
Jones, S., & Fernyhough, C. (2007). Reliability of factorial structure of the Peters et al. delusions inventory (PDI-21). Personality and Individual Differences,43, 647-656.
Jung, H.Y., Chang, J.S., Yi, J.S., Hwang, S., Shin, H.K., Kim, J.H., Cho, I.E., & Kim, Y.S. (2008). Measuring psychosis proneness in anonclinical Korean population: is the Peters et alDelusions Inventory useful for assessing high-risk individuals? Comprehensive Psychiatry,49,202-210.
Kao, Y.C., Wang, T.Z., Lu, C.W., Cheng, T.H., & Liu, Y.P. (2012). The psychometric properties of the Peters et al. Delusions Inventory (PDI) in Taiwan: reliability, validity, and utility. Soc.Psychiatry Psychiatr. Epidemiol,47, 1221-1234.
Kelleher, I., & Cannon, M. (2011). Psychotic-like experiences in the general population: characterizing ahigh-risk group for psychosis. Psychological Medicine,41, 1-6.
Kendler, K.S., Gallagher, T.J., Abelson, J.M., & Kessler, R.C. (1996). Lifetime prevalence, demographic risk factors, and diagnostic validity of nonaffective psychosis as assessed in a US community sample. The National Comorbidity Survey. Archives of General Psychiatry,53,1022-1031.
Krawiecka, M., Goldberg, D., & Vaughan, M. (1977). Astandardized psychiatric assessment scale forrating chronic psychotic patients. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica,55, 299-308.
Lataster, T., Myin-Germeys, I., Derom, C., Thiery, E., & van Os, J. (2009). Evidence that self-reported psychotic experiences represent these transitory developmental expression of genetic liability to psychosis in the general population. American Journal of Medical Genetics. Part B, Neuropsychiatric Genetics,150B, 1078-1084.
Lee, K., Chan, K., Chang, W., Lee, E., Hui, C., & Chen, E. (2016). Asystematic review on definitions and assessments of psychotic-like experiences. Early Intervention in Psychiatry,10 (1), 3-16.
Lincoln, T.M. (2007). Relevant dimensions of delusions: continuing the continuum versus category debate. Schizophr. Res,93, 211-220.
Linscott, R.J., & van Os, J. (2013). An updated and conservative systematic review and meta-analysis ofepidemiological evidence on psychotic experiences in children and adults: On the pathway from proneness to persistence to dimensional expression across mental disorders. Psychological Medicine,43, 1133-1149.
Lopez-Ilundain J.M., Perez-Nievas E., Otero M., & Mata, I. (2006). Peter’s delusions inventory in Spanish general population: internal reliability, factor structure and association with demographic variables (dimensionality of delusional ideation). Actas Espanolas De Psiquiatria,34 (2), 94-104.
Lundberg, P., Cantor-Graae, E., Kabakyenga, J., Rukundo, G., & Ostergren, P.O. (2004).Prevalence of delusional ideation in adistrict in southwestern Uganda. Schizophrenia Research,71 (1), 27-34.
Meehl, P. (1962), Schizotaxia, schizotypy, schizophrenia. American Psychologist,17, 827-838.
Nuevo, R., Chatterji, S., Verdes, E., Naidoo, N., Arango, C., & Ayuso-Mateos, J.L. (2012). The Continuum of Psychotic Symptoms in the General Population: ACross-national Study. Schizophrenia Bulletin,38, 475-485.
Peters, E., Pickering, A., & Hemsley, D.R. (1999). Measurement of delusional ideation in the normal population: Introducing the PDI (Peters et. al. Delusions Inventory). Schizophrenia Bulletin, 25 (3), 553-576.
Peters, E., Joseph, S., Day, S., & Garety, P. (2004). Measuring Delusional Ideation: The 21-Item Peters et al. Delusions Inventory (PDI). Schizophrenia Bulletin, 30 (4),1005-1022.
Polanczyk, G., Moffitt, T.E., Arseneault, L., Cannon, M., Ambler, A., Keefe, R.S.E., Houts, R., Odgers, C.L., & Caspi, A. (2010). Childhood psychotic symptoms share etiological and clinical features with adult schizophrenia: results from arepresentative birth cohort. Archives of General Psychiatry,67, 328-338.
Prochwicz, K., & Gawęda, Ł. (2015). Analiza czynnikowa iocena rzetelności polskiej wersji Skali Urojeń Peters iwsp. oraz częstotliwość występowania doświadczeń podobnych do urojeń wpopulacji polskiej. Psychiatria Polska,49 (6), 1203-1222.
Preti, A., Maronigu, S., Petretto, D.R., Miotto, P., & Masala, C. (2007). Unusual psychotic experiences. Validation of the Italian version of the Peters et al. Delusion Inventory. Psychiatry Research,48, 62-69.
Poulton, R., Caspi, A., Moffitt, T.E., Cannon, M., Murray, R., & Harrington, H. (2000). Children’s self-reported psychotic symptoms and adult schizophreniform disorders: 15-year longitudinal study. Archives of General Psychiatry,57, 1053-1058.
Sidgwick, H., Johnson, A., Myers, F.W.H., Podmore, F., & Sigwick, E.M. (1894). Report of the census of hallucinations. Proceedings of the Society for Psychical Research,26,259-394.
Sisti, D., Rocchi, M.B.L., Siddi, S.S., Mura, T., Manca, S., Preti, A., & Petretto, D.R. (2012). Preocuppation and distress and relevant dimensions in delusional beliefs. Comprehensive Psychiatry,53,1039-1043.
Spauwen, J., Krabbendam, L., Lieb, R., Wittchen, H.U., & van Os, J. (2006). Evidence that the outcome of developmental expression of psychosis is worse for adolescents growing up in an urban environment. Psychological Medicine,36,407-415.
van Os, J., Hanssen, M., Bijl, R.V., & Ravelli, A. (2000). Strauss (1969) revisited: apsychosis continuum in the general population? Schizophrenia Research,45, 11-20.
van Os, J., Linscott, R.J., Myin-Germeys, I., Delespaul, P., & Krabbendam, I. (2009). A systematic review and meta-analysis of the psychosis continuum: evidence for a psychosis proneness - persistent-impairment model of psychotic disorder. Psychological Medicine,39, 179-195.
van Os, J., Verdoux, H., Maurice-Tison, S., Gay, B., Liraud, F., Salamon, R., & Bourgeois, M. (1999). Self-reported psychosis-like symptoms and the continuum of psychosis. Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology,34, 459-463.
Verdoux, H., Maurice-Tison, S., Gay, B., van Os, J., Salamon, R., & Bourgeois, M. (1998a). Asurvey of delusional ideation in primary care patients. Psychological Medicine,28,127-134.
Verdoux, H., van Os, J., Maurice-Tison, S., Gay, B., Salamon, R., & Bourgeois, M. (1998b). Is early adulthood acritical developmental stage for psychosis proneness? Asurvey of delusional ideation in normal subjects.Schizophrenia Research,29, 247-254.
Verdoux, H., & van Os., J. (2002). Psychotic symptoms in non-clinical populations and continuum of psychosis. Schizophrenia Research,54, 59-65.
Welham, J., Scott, J., Williams, G., Najman, J., Bor, W., O’Callaghan, M., & McGrath, J. (2009). Emotional and behavioural antecedents of young adults who screen positive for non-affective psychosis: a21-year birth cohort study. Psychological Medicine, 39,625-634.
Wing, J.K., Cooper, J.E., & Sartorius, N. (1974). The measurement and classification of psychiatric symptoms. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Yamasaki, S., Tanaka, S., Morimoto, S., Yamasue, H., Iwanami, A., & Tanno, Y. (2004).Reliability and validity of the Japanese version of PDI (Peters et al. Delusion Inventory). Japanese Journal of Clinical Psychiatry,33, 911-918.
Yung, A.R., Nelson, B., Baker, K., Buckby, J.A., Baksheev, G., & Cosgrave, E.M. (2009). Psychotic-like experiences in acommunity sample of adolescents: Implications for the continuum model of psychosis and prediction of schizophrenia. Australian and New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry,43, 118-128.
Bleuler, E. (1911/1950). Dementia Praecox or the Group of Schizophrenias. New York: International Universities Press.
Cannon, T.D., Mednick, S.A., & Parnas, J. (1990). Antecedents of predominantly negative- and predominantly positive symptom schizophrenia in a high-risk population. Archives of General Psychiatry,47, 622-632.
Claridge, G.S. (1994). Single indicator of risk for schizophrenia: Probable fact or likely myth? Schizophrenia Bulletin,20 (1), 151-168.
Claridge, G.S., & Broks, P. (1984). Schizotypy and hemisphere function: I. Theoretical considerations and the measurement of schizotypy. Personality and Individual Differences,5, 633-648.
Debbané, M., Badoud, D., Balanzin, D., & Eliez, S. (2013). Broadly defined risk mental states during adolescence: Disorganization mediates positive schizotypal expression. Schizophrenia Research,147, 153-156.
Debbané, M., & Barrantes-Vidal, N. (2015). Schizotypy from adevelopmental perspective. Schizophrenia Bulletin,41, 386-395.
Eckblad, M., & Chapman, L.J. (1983). Magical ideation as an indicator of schizotypy. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology,51, 215-225.
Fisher, H.L., Caspi, A., Poulton, R., Meier, M.H., Houts, R., Harrington, H., Arseneault, L., & Moffitt, T.E. (2013). Specificity of childhood psychotic symptoms for predicting schizophrenia by 38 years of age: Abirth cohort study. Psychological Medicine,43,2077-2086.
Fonseca-Pedrero, E., & Debbané, M. (2017). Schizotypal traits and psychotic-like experiencesduring adolescence: An update. Psichothema,29,5-17.
Fonseca-Pedrero, E., Lemos-Giraldez, S., Paino, M., & Sierra-Baigrie, S. (2011). Psychoticlike Experiences in Nonclinical Adolescents. In M.S. Payne (Ed.), Hallucinations: Types, Stages and Treatments (pp. 131-146). New York: Nova Science Publishers.
Foulds, G.A., & Bedford, A. (1975). Hierarchy of classes of personal illness. Psychological Medicine,5, 181-192.
Garety, P.A., & Hemsley, D.R. (1987). Characteristics of delusional experience. European Archives of Psychiatry and Neurological Science, 236, 294-298.
Garety, P.A., & Hemsley, D.R. (1994). Delusions: Investigations Into the Psychology of Delusional Reasoning. Oxford: Oxford UniversityPress.
Gawęda, Ł., Holas, P., & Kokoszka, A. (2012). Dysfunkcjonalne przekonania metapoznaw-cze oraz lęk, depresja isamoocena uosób zdrowych psychicznie mających doświadczenia podobne do omamów. Psychiatria Polska,6, 933-949.
Gawęda, Ł., & Kokoszka, A. (2011). Polska wersja Zmodyfikowanej Skali Halucynacji (RHS) Morrisona iwsp. Analiza czynnikowa skali oraz częstotliwość występowania doświadczeń podobnych do omamów wśród osób zdrowych psychicznie. Psychiatria Polska,45 (4), 527-543.
Gawęda, Ł., Prochwicz, K., & Cella, M. (2015). Cognitive biases mediate the relationship between temperament and character and psychotic-like experiences in healthy adults.Psychiatry Research,225,50-57.
Harrow, M., Rattenbury, F., & Stoll, F. (1998). Schizophrenic delusions: An analysis of their persistence, of related premorbid ideas and three major dimensions. In T.F. Oltmanns, & B.A. Maher (Eds.), Delusional Beliefs (pp. 184-212).New York: Wiley.
Johns, L., & van Os, J. (2001). The continuity of psychotic experiences in the general population.Clinical Psychology Review,21,1125-1141.
Jones, S., & Fernyhough, C. (2007). Reliability of factorial structure of the Peters et al. delusions inventory (PDI-21). Personality and Individual Differences,43, 647-656.
Jung, H.Y., Chang, J.S., Yi, J.S., Hwang, S., Shin, H.K., Kim, J.H., Cho, I.E., & Kim, Y.S. (2008). Measuring psychosis proneness in anonclinical Korean population: is the Peters et alDelusions Inventory useful for assessing high-risk individuals? Comprehensive Psychiatry,49,202-210.
Kao, Y.C., Wang, T.Z., Lu, C.W., Cheng, T.H., & Liu, Y.P. (2012). The psychometric properties of the Peters et al. Delusions Inventory (PDI) in Taiwan: reliability, validity, and utility. Soc.Psychiatry Psychiatr. Epidemiol,47, 1221-1234.
Kelleher, I., & Cannon, M. (2011). Psychotic-like experiences in the general population: characterizing ahigh-risk group for psychosis. Psychological Medicine,41, 1-6.
Kendler, K.S., Gallagher, T.J., Abelson, J.M., & Kessler, R.C. (1996). Lifetime prevalence, demographic risk factors, and diagnostic validity of nonaffective psychosis as assessed in a US community sample. The National Comorbidity Survey. Archives of General Psychiatry,53,1022-1031.
Krawiecka, M., Goldberg, D., & Vaughan, M. (1977). Astandardized psychiatric assessment scale forrating chronic psychotic patients. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica,55, 299-308.
Lataster, T., Myin-Germeys, I., Derom, C., Thiery, E., & van Os, J. (2009). Evidence that self-reported psychotic experiences represent these transitory developmental expression of genetic liability to psychosis in the general population. American Journal of Medical Genetics. Part B, Neuropsychiatric Genetics,150B, 1078-1084.
Lee, K., Chan, K., Chang, W., Lee, E., Hui, C., & Chen, E. (2016). Asystematic review on definitions and assessments of psychotic-like experiences. Early Intervention in Psychiatry,10 (1), 3-16.
Lincoln, T.M. (2007). Relevant dimensions of delusions: continuing the continuum versus category debate. Schizophr. Res,93, 211-220.
Linscott, R.J., & van Os, J. (2013). An updated and conservative systematic review and meta-analysis ofepidemiological evidence on psychotic experiences in children and adults: On the pathway from proneness to persistence to dimensional expression across mental disorders. Psychological Medicine,43, 1133-1149.
Lopez-Ilundain J.M., Perez-Nievas E., Otero M., & Mata, I. (2006). Peter’s delusions inventory in Spanish general population: internal reliability, factor structure and association with demographic variables (dimensionality of delusional ideation). Actas Espanolas De Psiquiatria,34 (2), 94-104.
Lundberg, P., Cantor-Graae, E., Kabakyenga, J., Rukundo, G., & Ostergren, P.O. (2004).Prevalence of delusional ideation in adistrict in southwestern Uganda. Schizophrenia Research,71 (1), 27-34.
Meehl, P. (1962), Schizotaxia, schizotypy, schizophrenia. American Psychologist,17, 827-838.
Nuevo, R., Chatterji, S., Verdes, E., Naidoo, N., Arango, C., & Ayuso-Mateos, J.L. (2012). The Continuum of Psychotic Symptoms in the General Population: ACross-national Study. Schizophrenia Bulletin,38, 475-485.
Peters, E., Pickering, A., & Hemsley, D.R. (1999). Measurement of delusional ideation in the normal population: Introducing the PDI (Peters et. al. Delusions Inventory). Schizophrenia Bulletin, 25 (3), 553-576.
Peters, E., Joseph, S., Day, S., & Garety, P. (2004). Measuring Delusional Ideation: The 21-Item Peters et al. Delusions Inventory (PDI). Schizophrenia Bulletin, 30 (4),1005-1022.
Polanczyk, G., Moffitt, T.E., Arseneault, L., Cannon, M., Ambler, A., Keefe, R.S.E., Houts, R., Odgers, C.L., & Caspi, A. (2010). Childhood psychotic symptoms share etiological and clinical features with adult schizophrenia: results from arepresentative birth cohort. Archives of General Psychiatry,67, 328-338.
Prochwicz, K., & Gawęda, Ł. (2015). Analiza czynnikowa iocena rzetelności polskiej wersji Skali Urojeń Peters iwsp. oraz częstotliwość występowania doświadczeń podobnych do urojeń wpopulacji polskiej. Psychiatria Polska,49 (6), 1203-1222.
Preti, A., Maronigu, S., Petretto, D.R., Miotto, P., & Masala, C. (2007). Unusual psychotic experiences. Validation of the Italian version of the Peters et al. Delusion Inventory. Psychiatry Research,48, 62-69.
Poulton, R., Caspi, A., Moffitt, T.E., Cannon, M., Murray, R., & Harrington, H. (2000). Children’s self-reported psychotic symptoms and adult schizophreniform disorders: 15-year longitudinal study. Archives of General Psychiatry,57, 1053-1058.
Sidgwick, H., Johnson, A., Myers, F.W.H., Podmore, F., & Sigwick, E.M. (1894). Report of the census of hallucinations. Proceedings of the Society for Psychical Research,26,259-394.
Sisti, D., Rocchi, M.B.L., Siddi, S.S., Mura, T., Manca, S., Preti, A., & Petretto, D.R. (2012). Preocuppation and distress and relevant dimensions in delusional beliefs. Comprehensive Psychiatry,53,1039-1043.
Spauwen, J., Krabbendam, L., Lieb, R., Wittchen, H.U., & van Os, J. (2006). Evidence that the outcome of developmental expression of psychosis is worse for adolescents growing up in an urban environment. Psychological Medicine,36,407-415.
van Os, J., Hanssen, M., Bijl, R.V., & Ravelli, A. (2000). Strauss (1969) revisited: apsychosis continuum in the general population? Schizophrenia Research,45, 11-20.
van Os, J., Linscott, R.J., Myin-Germeys, I., Delespaul, P., & Krabbendam, I. (2009). A systematic review and meta-analysis of the psychosis continuum: evidence for a psychosis proneness - persistent-impairment model of psychotic disorder. Psychological Medicine,39, 179-195.
van Os, J., Verdoux, H., Maurice-Tison, S., Gay, B., Liraud, F., Salamon, R., & Bourgeois, M. (1999). Self-reported psychosis-like symptoms and the continuum of psychosis. Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology,34, 459-463.
Verdoux, H., Maurice-Tison, S., Gay, B., van Os, J., Salamon, R., & Bourgeois, M. (1998a). Asurvey of delusional ideation in primary care patients. Psychological Medicine,28,127-134.
Verdoux, H., van Os, J., Maurice-Tison, S., Gay, B., Salamon, R., & Bourgeois, M. (1998b). Is early adulthood acritical developmental stage for psychosis proneness? Asurvey of delusional ideation in normal subjects.Schizophrenia Research,29, 247-254.
Verdoux, H., & van Os., J. (2002). Psychotic symptoms in non-clinical populations and continuum of psychosis. Schizophrenia Research,54, 59-65.
Welham, J., Scott, J., Williams, G., Najman, J., Bor, W., O’Callaghan, M., & McGrath, J. (2009). Emotional and behavioural antecedents of young adults who screen positive for non-affective psychosis: a21-year birth cohort study. Psychological Medicine, 39,625-634.
Wing, J.K., Cooper, J.E., & Sartorius, N. (1974). The measurement and classification of psychiatric symptoms. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Yamasaki, S., Tanaka, S., Morimoto, S., Yamasue, H., Iwanami, A., & Tanno, Y. (2004).Reliability and validity of the Japanese version of PDI (Peters et al. Delusion Inventory). Japanese Journal of Clinical Psychiatry,33, 911-918.
Yung, A.R., Nelson, B., Baker, K., Buckby, J.A., Baksheev, G., & Cosgrave, E.M. (2009). Psychotic-like experiences in acommunity sample of adolescents: Implications for the continuum model of psychosis and prediction of schizophrenia. Australian and New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry,43, 118-128.
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2017-12-01
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Potoczek, A., & Prochwicz, K. (2017). Peters and colleagues Delusions Inventory as a tool to measure psychotic-like experiences in the general population. Annales Universitatis Paedagogicae Cracoviensis Studia Psychologica, 10(1), 222–237. Retrieved from https://studia-psychologica.uken.krakow.pl/article/view/5648
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