Poznawczo-emocjonalne i interpersonalne skutki autodystansowania
Słowa kluczowe:
autodystansowanie, dystans psychologiczny, adaptacyjne formy refleksji, regulacja emocji, radzenie sobieAbstrakt
Ludzie stosują różne strategie poznawczo-emocjonalne, kiedy konfrontują się z trudnymi doświadczeniami w celu poradzenia sobie z nimi. Liczne badania prowadzone w nurcie społeczno-poznawczym dostarczają przekonujących danych na temat istotnego znaczenia autodystansowania w regulacji emocjonalnej, radzeniu sobie z bolesnymi przeżyciami oraz w utrzymywaniu satysfakcjonujących relacji z innymi. Stosowanie perspektywy obserwatora opartej na dystansie do siebie (self-distanced perspective) jako formy autorefleksji, w odróżnieniu od perspektywy „zanurzenia w sobie” (self-immersed perspective), przynosi pozytywne skutki poznawcze, emocjonalne i behawioralne dla funkcjonowania osoby w jej wymiarze intrapersonalnym (pozwala na rekonstruowanie dysfunkcjonalnych schematów poznawczych, obniża reaktywność emocjonalną, sprzyjając regulacji emocji i podejmowaniu adaptacyjnych zachowań) oraz interpersonalnym (jest predyktorem zachowań nakierowanych na rozwiązanie problemu, pomaga radzić sobie z odczuwaną złością i hamować agresję podczas konfliktów z innymi).Bibliografia
Anderson, C.A., Buckley, K.E., & Carnagey, N.L. (2008). Creating your own hostile environment: Alaboratory examination of trait aggression and the violence escalation cycle. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin,34, 462-473.
Ardelt, M. (2008). Self-development through selflessness: The paradoxical process of growing wiser. In H.A. Wayment & J. Bauer (Eds.), Transcending self-interest: Psychological explorations of the quiet ego (pp. 221-233). Washington, D.C.: American Psychological Association.
Ayduk, O., & Kross, E. (2008). Enhancing the pace of recovery: Self-distanced analysis of negative experiences reduces blond pressure reactivity. Psychological Science, 19,229-231.
Ayduk, O., & Kross, E. (2010a). Analyzing negative experiences without ruminating: The role of self-distancing in enabling adaptive self-reflection. Social and Personality Psychology Compass, 10 (4), 841-854.
Ayduk, O., & Kross, E. (2010b). From adistance: Implications of spontaneous self-distancing for adaptive self-reflection. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 98 (5), 809-829.
Ayduk, O., Ayas, V., Downey, G., Cole, A.B., Shoda, Y., & Mischel, W. (2008). Rejection sen-sitivity and executive control: Joint predictors of borderline personality features. Journal of Research in Personality,42 (1), 151-168.
Ayduk, O., Mendoza-Denton, R., Mischel, W., & Downey, G. (2000). Regulating the inter-personal self: Strategic self-regulation for coping with rejection sensitivity. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology,79 (5), 776-792.
Beck, A.T. (1970). Cognitive therapy: Nature and relation to behavior therapy. Behavior Therapy, 2 (1), 184-200.
Beck. A., Rush, J., Shaw, B., & Emery, G. (1979). Cognitive therapy of depression. New York: Guilford Press.
Berman, M.G., Peltier, S., Nee, D.E., Kross, E., Deldin, P.J., & Jonides, J. (2010). Depression, rumination and the default network. Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience,6 (5), 548-555.
Bishop, S.R., Lau, M., Shapiro, S., Carlson, L., Anderson, N.D., Carmody, J., Segal, Z.V., Abbey, S., Speca, M., Velting, D., & Devins, G. (2004). Mindfulness: A Proposed Operational Definition.Clinical Psychology: Science and Practice,11 (3), 230-241.
Blaut, A., & Paulewicz, B. (2011). Poznawcza podatność na depresję. Psychiatria Polska, 6, 889-899.
Bujacz, A. & Hornowska, E. (2012). Hedonizm ieudajmonizm wbadaniach psychologii pozytywnej.Psychologia Jakości Życia,11 (1), 103-121.
Bushman, B.J. (2002). Does venting anger feed or extinguish the flame? Catharsis, rumination, distraction, anger and aggressive responding. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 28, 724-731.
Carver, C., & Scheier, M. (1998). On the self-regulation of behavior.Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press. Conway, M., Csank, P.A.R., Holm, S.L., & Blake, C.K. (2000). On assessing individual differences in rumination on sadness. Journal of Personality Assessment, 75, 404-425.
Cutuli, D. (2014). Cognitive reappraisal and Expressive suppression strategies role in the emotion regulation: an overviewon their modulatory effects and neuralcorrelates. Frontiers in Systems Neuroscience, 8, 175.
Downey, G., Freitas, A.L., Michaelis, B., & Khouri, H. (1998). The self-fulfilling prophecy in close relationships: Rejection sensitivity and rejection by romantic partners. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology,75 (2), 545-560.
Esslen, M., Metzler, S., Pascual-Marqui, R., & Jancke, L. (2008). Pre-reflective and reflective self-reference: aspatiotemporal EEG analysis. NeuroImage, 42, 437-49.
Fujita, K., Trope, Y., Liberman, N., & Levin-Sagi, M. (2006). Spatial distance and mental construal of social events. Psychological Science,17, 278-282.
Grossmann, I., & Kross, E.(2014). Exploring Solomon’s Paradox: Self-Distancing Eliminates the Self-Other Asymmetry in Wise Reasoning About Close Relationships in Younger and Older Adults. Psychological Science,25 (8), 1571-1580.
Grossmann, I., Sahdra, B.K., & Ciarrochi, J. (2016). AHeart and AMind: Self-distancing Facilitates the Association Between Heart Rate Variability, and Wise Reasoning. Frontiers in Behavioral Neuroscience,10 (68), 1-10.
Gruber, J., Harvey, A., & Johnson,S. (2009). Reflective and ruminative processing of positive emotional memories in bipolar disorder and healthy controls. Behavior Research & Therapy, 47, 697-704.
Hayes, S.C., Strosahl, K., & Wilson, K.G. (1999). Acceptance and Commitment Therapy: An experiential approach to behavior change. New York: Guilford Press.
Libby, L.K., & Eibach, R.P. (2002). Looking back in time: Self-concept change affects visual perspective in autobiographicalmemory. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 82, 167-179.
Libby, L.K., Eibach, R.P., & Gilovich, T. (2005). Here’s Looking at Me: The Effect of Memory Perspective on Assessments of Personal Change. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 88 (1), 50-62.
Leitner, J.B., Ayduk, O., Mendoza-Denton, R., Magerman, A., Amey, R., Kross, E., & Forbes, C.E. (2017). Self-distancing improves interpersonal perceptions and behavior by decreasing medial prefrontal cortex activity during the provision of criticism. Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience,12 (4), 534-543.
Lyubomirsky, S., & Nolen-Hoeksema, S. (1995). Effects of self-focused rumination on negative thinking and internal problem solving. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology,69, 176-190.
Kross, E. (2009). When self becomes other: Toward an integrative understanding of the processes distinguishing adaptive self-reflection from rumination. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences,1167, 35-40.
Kross, E., & Ayduk, O. (2008). Facilitating adaptive emotional analysis: Short-term and long-term outcomes distinguishing distanced-analysis of negative emotions from immersed-analysis and distraction. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin,34,924-938.
Kross, E., & Ayduk, O. (2011). Making meaning out of negative experiences by self-distancing.Current Directions in Psychological Science,20, 187-191.
Kross, E., & Ayduk, O. (2017). Self-distancing: Theory, research and current directions. Advances in Experimental Social Psychology, 55,81-136.
Kross, E., Ayduk, O., & Mischel, W. (2005). When asking „why” doesn’t hurt: Distinguishing reflective processing of negative emotions from rumination. Psychological Science,16, 709-715.
Kross, E., Davidson, M., Weber, J., & Ochsner, K. (2009). Coping with emotions past: The neural bases of regulating affect associated with negative autobiographical memories.Biological Psychiatry,65 (5), 361-366.
Liberman, N., & Trope, Y. (2008). The psychology of transcending the here and now. Science,322, 1201-1205.
Martin, L.L., & Tesser, A. (1996). Some ruminative thoughts. In R.S. Wyer (Ed.), Ruminative thoughts (pp. 1-47). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
Metcalfe, J. & Mischel, W. (1999). Ahot/cool system analysis of delay of gratification: Dynamics of willpower. Psychological Review, 106 (1), 3-19.
Mischel, W. (2015). Test Marshmallow. Sopot: Smak Słowa.
Mischkowski, D., Kross, E., & Bushman, B.J. (2012). Flies on the wall are less aggressive: Self-distancing „in the heat of the moment” reduces aggressive thoughts, angry feelings and aggressive behavior. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology,48 (5),1187-1191.
Nolen-Hoeksema, S. (1991). Responses to depression and their effects on the duration of depressive episodes. Journal of Abnormal Psychology,100, 569-582.
Nolen-Hoeksema, S., Wisco, B.E., & Lyubomirsky, S. (2008). Rethinking rumination. Perspectives on Psychological Science, 3, 400-424.
Northoff, G., Heinzel, A., de Greck, M., Bermpohl, F., Dobrowolny, H., & Panksepp, J. (2006). Self-referential processing in our brain -ameta-analysis of imaging studies on the self.NeuroImage, 31, 440-57.
Oleś, P.K., Brygoła, E., & Sibińska, M. (2010). Temporal dialogues and their influence on affective states and the meaning of life. International Journal for Dialogical Science, 4 (1), 23-43.
Pannebaker, J.W. (1997). Writing about emotional experiences as atherapeutic process. Psychological Science, 8, 162-166.
Pannebaker, J.W., & Chung, C.K. (2007). Expressive writing, emotional upheavals, and health. In H. Friedman, & R. Silver (Eds.), Handbook of Health Psychology (pp. 263-284). New York: Oxford University Press.
Park, J., Ayduk, Ö., & Kross, E. (2016). Stepping back to move forward: Expressive Writing promotes self-distancing. Emotion,16 (3), 349-364.
Pervin, L.A., & John, O.P. (2002). Osobowość - teoria i badania. Kraków: Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Jagiellońskiego.
Peterson, C., Park, N., & Seligman, M.E.P. (2005). Orientations to happiness and life satis-faction: the full life versus the empty life. Journal of Happiness Studies, 6 (1), 25-41.
Ressler, K.J., & Mayberg, H.S. (2007). Targeting Abnormal Neural Circuits in Mood and Anxiety Disorders: From the Laboratory to the Clinic. Nature Neuroscience, 10,1116-1124. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nn1944.
Robinson, L.A., & Alloy, L.B. (2003). Negative cognitive styles and stress-reactive rumination interact to predict depression: aprospective study. Cognitive Therapy and Research,27 (3), 275-292.
Ross, M., & Wilson, A.E. (2002).It feels like yesterday: Self-esteem, valence of personal past experiences, and judgments of subjective distance. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 82, 792-803.
Safran, J.D., & Segal, Z.V. (1990). Interpersonal process in cognitive therapy. New York: Jason Aronson, Inc.
Segal, Z.V., Williams, M.G., & Teasdale, J.D. (2009).Terapia poznawcza depresji oparta na uważności. Kraków: Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Jagiellońskiego.
Shi, Z., Zhou, A., Liu, P., Zhang, P., & Han, W. (2011). An EEG study on the effect of self- relevant possessive pronoun: self-referential content and first-person perspective. Neuroscience Letters,494, 174-9.
Tamir, M. (2009). What do people want to feel and why? Pleasure and utility in emotion regulation. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 18, 101-105.
Teasdale, J.D., Moore, R.G., Hayhurst, H., Pope, M., Williams, S., & Segal, Z.V. (2002). Meta-cognitive Awareness and Prevention of Relapse in Depression: Empirical Evidence. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 70 (2), 275-287.
Trope, Y., & Liberman, N. (2010). Construal-Level Theory of Psychological Distance. Psychological Review,11 (2), 440-463.
Tylikowska, A., Żurawska-Żyła, R. (2017). Metody itechniki psychoterapeutyczne wykorzystujące samodystansowanie. Annales Universitatis Paedagogicae Cracoviensis. Studia Psychologica,10, 96-109.
Verduyn, P., Mechelen, I., Kross, E., Chezzi, C., & van Bever, F. (2012). The relationship between self-distancing and the duration of negative and positive emotional experiences in daily life. Emotions, 12 (6), 1248-1263.
Wells, A. (2006). Detached mindfulness in cognitive therapy: Ametacognitive analysis and ten techniques. Journal of Rational-Emotive & Cognitive-Behavior Therapy, 23 (4), 337-355.
Wilson, T.D., & Gilbert, D.T. (2008). Explaining away: Amodel of affective adaptation. Perspectives on Psychological Science, 3, 370-386.
Yontef, G.M. (1983). Teoria terapii Gestalt. Nowiny Psychologiczne, 6-7 (13-14), 1-7.
Ardelt, M. (2008). Self-development through selflessness: The paradoxical process of growing wiser. In H.A. Wayment & J. Bauer (Eds.), Transcending self-interest: Psychological explorations of the quiet ego (pp. 221-233). Washington, D.C.: American Psychological Association.
Ayduk, O., & Kross, E. (2008). Enhancing the pace of recovery: Self-distanced analysis of negative experiences reduces blond pressure reactivity. Psychological Science, 19,229-231.
Ayduk, O., & Kross, E. (2010a). Analyzing negative experiences without ruminating: The role of self-distancing in enabling adaptive self-reflection. Social and Personality Psychology Compass, 10 (4), 841-854.
Ayduk, O., & Kross, E. (2010b). From adistance: Implications of spontaneous self-distancing for adaptive self-reflection. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 98 (5), 809-829.
Ayduk, O., Ayas, V., Downey, G., Cole, A.B., Shoda, Y., & Mischel, W. (2008). Rejection sen-sitivity and executive control: Joint predictors of borderline personality features. Journal of Research in Personality,42 (1), 151-168.
Ayduk, O., Mendoza-Denton, R., Mischel, W., & Downey, G. (2000). Regulating the inter-personal self: Strategic self-regulation for coping with rejection sensitivity. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology,79 (5), 776-792.
Beck, A.T. (1970). Cognitive therapy: Nature and relation to behavior therapy. Behavior Therapy, 2 (1), 184-200.
Beck. A., Rush, J., Shaw, B., & Emery, G. (1979). Cognitive therapy of depression. New York: Guilford Press.
Berman, M.G., Peltier, S., Nee, D.E., Kross, E., Deldin, P.J., & Jonides, J. (2010). Depression, rumination and the default network. Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience,6 (5), 548-555.
Bishop, S.R., Lau, M., Shapiro, S., Carlson, L., Anderson, N.D., Carmody, J., Segal, Z.V., Abbey, S., Speca, M., Velting, D., & Devins, G. (2004). Mindfulness: A Proposed Operational Definition.Clinical Psychology: Science and Practice,11 (3), 230-241.
Blaut, A., & Paulewicz, B. (2011). Poznawcza podatność na depresję. Psychiatria Polska, 6, 889-899.
Bujacz, A. & Hornowska, E. (2012). Hedonizm ieudajmonizm wbadaniach psychologii pozytywnej.Psychologia Jakości Życia,11 (1), 103-121.
Bushman, B.J. (2002). Does venting anger feed or extinguish the flame? Catharsis, rumination, distraction, anger and aggressive responding. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 28, 724-731.
Carver, C., & Scheier, M. (1998). On the self-regulation of behavior.Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press. Conway, M., Csank, P.A.R., Holm, S.L., & Blake, C.K. (2000). On assessing individual differences in rumination on sadness. Journal of Personality Assessment, 75, 404-425.
Cutuli, D. (2014). Cognitive reappraisal and Expressive suppression strategies role in the emotion regulation: an overviewon their modulatory effects and neuralcorrelates. Frontiers in Systems Neuroscience, 8, 175.
Downey, G., Freitas, A.L., Michaelis, B., & Khouri, H. (1998). The self-fulfilling prophecy in close relationships: Rejection sensitivity and rejection by romantic partners. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology,75 (2), 545-560.
Esslen, M., Metzler, S., Pascual-Marqui, R., & Jancke, L. (2008). Pre-reflective and reflective self-reference: aspatiotemporal EEG analysis. NeuroImage, 42, 437-49.
Fujita, K., Trope, Y., Liberman, N., & Levin-Sagi, M. (2006). Spatial distance and mental construal of social events. Psychological Science,17, 278-282.
Grossmann, I., & Kross, E.(2014). Exploring Solomon’s Paradox: Self-Distancing Eliminates the Self-Other Asymmetry in Wise Reasoning About Close Relationships in Younger and Older Adults. Psychological Science,25 (8), 1571-1580.
Grossmann, I., Sahdra, B.K., & Ciarrochi, J. (2016). AHeart and AMind: Self-distancing Facilitates the Association Between Heart Rate Variability, and Wise Reasoning. Frontiers in Behavioral Neuroscience,10 (68), 1-10.
Gruber, J., Harvey, A., & Johnson,S. (2009). Reflective and ruminative processing of positive emotional memories in bipolar disorder and healthy controls. Behavior Research & Therapy, 47, 697-704.
Hayes, S.C., Strosahl, K., & Wilson, K.G. (1999). Acceptance and Commitment Therapy: An experiential approach to behavior change. New York: Guilford Press.
Libby, L.K., & Eibach, R.P. (2002). Looking back in time: Self-concept change affects visual perspective in autobiographicalmemory. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 82, 167-179.
Libby, L.K., Eibach, R.P., & Gilovich, T. (2005). Here’s Looking at Me: The Effect of Memory Perspective on Assessments of Personal Change. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 88 (1), 50-62.
Leitner, J.B., Ayduk, O., Mendoza-Denton, R., Magerman, A., Amey, R., Kross, E., & Forbes, C.E. (2017). Self-distancing improves interpersonal perceptions and behavior by decreasing medial prefrontal cortex activity during the provision of criticism. Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience,12 (4), 534-543.
Lyubomirsky, S., & Nolen-Hoeksema, S. (1995). Effects of self-focused rumination on negative thinking and internal problem solving. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology,69, 176-190.
Kross, E. (2009). When self becomes other: Toward an integrative understanding of the processes distinguishing adaptive self-reflection from rumination. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences,1167, 35-40.
Kross, E., & Ayduk, O. (2008). Facilitating adaptive emotional analysis: Short-term and long-term outcomes distinguishing distanced-analysis of negative emotions from immersed-analysis and distraction. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin,34,924-938.
Kross, E., & Ayduk, O. (2011). Making meaning out of negative experiences by self-distancing.Current Directions in Psychological Science,20, 187-191.
Kross, E., & Ayduk, O. (2017). Self-distancing: Theory, research and current directions. Advances in Experimental Social Psychology, 55,81-136.
Kross, E., Ayduk, O., & Mischel, W. (2005). When asking „why” doesn’t hurt: Distinguishing reflective processing of negative emotions from rumination. Psychological Science,16, 709-715.
Kross, E., Davidson, M., Weber, J., & Ochsner, K. (2009). Coping with emotions past: The neural bases of regulating affect associated with negative autobiographical memories.Biological Psychiatry,65 (5), 361-366.
Liberman, N., & Trope, Y. (2008). The psychology of transcending the here and now. Science,322, 1201-1205.
Martin, L.L., & Tesser, A. (1996). Some ruminative thoughts. In R.S. Wyer (Ed.), Ruminative thoughts (pp. 1-47). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
Metcalfe, J. & Mischel, W. (1999). Ahot/cool system analysis of delay of gratification: Dynamics of willpower. Psychological Review, 106 (1), 3-19.
Mischel, W. (2015). Test Marshmallow. Sopot: Smak Słowa.
Mischkowski, D., Kross, E., & Bushman, B.J. (2012). Flies on the wall are less aggressive: Self-distancing „in the heat of the moment” reduces aggressive thoughts, angry feelings and aggressive behavior. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology,48 (5),1187-1191.
Nolen-Hoeksema, S. (1991). Responses to depression and their effects on the duration of depressive episodes. Journal of Abnormal Psychology,100, 569-582.
Nolen-Hoeksema, S., Wisco, B.E., & Lyubomirsky, S. (2008). Rethinking rumination. Perspectives on Psychological Science, 3, 400-424.
Northoff, G., Heinzel, A., de Greck, M., Bermpohl, F., Dobrowolny, H., & Panksepp, J. (2006). Self-referential processing in our brain -ameta-analysis of imaging studies on the self.NeuroImage, 31, 440-57.
Oleś, P.K., Brygoła, E., & Sibińska, M. (2010). Temporal dialogues and their influence on affective states and the meaning of life. International Journal for Dialogical Science, 4 (1), 23-43.
Pannebaker, J.W. (1997). Writing about emotional experiences as atherapeutic process. Psychological Science, 8, 162-166.
Pannebaker, J.W., & Chung, C.K. (2007). Expressive writing, emotional upheavals, and health. In H. Friedman, & R. Silver (Eds.), Handbook of Health Psychology (pp. 263-284). New York: Oxford University Press.
Park, J., Ayduk, Ö., & Kross, E. (2016). Stepping back to move forward: Expressive Writing promotes self-distancing. Emotion,16 (3), 349-364.
Pervin, L.A., & John, O.P. (2002). Osobowość - teoria i badania. Kraków: Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Jagiellońskiego.
Peterson, C., Park, N., & Seligman, M.E.P. (2005). Orientations to happiness and life satis-faction: the full life versus the empty life. Journal of Happiness Studies, 6 (1), 25-41.
Ressler, K.J., & Mayberg, H.S. (2007). Targeting Abnormal Neural Circuits in Mood and Anxiety Disorders: From the Laboratory to the Clinic. Nature Neuroscience, 10,1116-1124. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nn1944.
Robinson, L.A., & Alloy, L.B. (2003). Negative cognitive styles and stress-reactive rumination interact to predict depression: aprospective study. Cognitive Therapy and Research,27 (3), 275-292.
Ross, M., & Wilson, A.E. (2002).It feels like yesterday: Self-esteem, valence of personal past experiences, and judgments of subjective distance. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 82, 792-803.
Safran, J.D., & Segal, Z.V. (1990). Interpersonal process in cognitive therapy. New York: Jason Aronson, Inc.
Segal, Z.V., Williams, M.G., & Teasdale, J.D. (2009).Terapia poznawcza depresji oparta na uważności. Kraków: Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Jagiellońskiego.
Shi, Z., Zhou, A., Liu, P., Zhang, P., & Han, W. (2011). An EEG study on the effect of self- relevant possessive pronoun: self-referential content and first-person perspective. Neuroscience Letters,494, 174-9.
Tamir, M. (2009). What do people want to feel and why? Pleasure and utility in emotion regulation. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 18, 101-105.
Teasdale, J.D., Moore, R.G., Hayhurst, H., Pope, M., Williams, S., & Segal, Z.V. (2002). Meta-cognitive Awareness and Prevention of Relapse in Depression: Empirical Evidence. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 70 (2), 275-287.
Trope, Y., & Liberman, N. (2010). Construal-Level Theory of Psychological Distance. Psychological Review,11 (2), 440-463.
Tylikowska, A., Żurawska-Żyła, R. (2017). Metody itechniki psychoterapeutyczne wykorzystujące samodystansowanie. Annales Universitatis Paedagogicae Cracoviensis. Studia Psychologica,10, 96-109.
Verduyn, P., Mechelen, I., Kross, E., Chezzi, C., & van Bever, F. (2012). The relationship between self-distancing and the duration of negative and positive emotional experiences in daily life. Emotions, 12 (6), 1248-1263.
Wells, A. (2006). Detached mindfulness in cognitive therapy: Ametacognitive analysis and ten techniques. Journal of Rational-Emotive & Cognitive-Behavior Therapy, 23 (4), 337-355.
Wilson, T.D., & Gilbert, D.T. (2008). Explaining away: Amodel of affective adaptation. Perspectives on Psychological Science, 3, 370-386.
Yontef, G.M. (1983). Teoria terapii Gestalt. Nowiny Psychologiczne, 6-7 (13-14), 1-7.
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2017-12-01
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Żurawska-Żyła, R., & Tylikowska, A. (2017). Poznawczo-emocjonalne i interpersonalne skutki autodystansowania. Annales Universitatis Paedagogicae Cracoviensis Studia Psychologica, 10(1), 77–93. Pobrano z https://studia-psychologica.uken.krakow.pl/article/view/5642
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