Perspektywa czasowa a samoocena: wpływ negatywnej temporalności na sposób oceniania samego siebie
Słowa kluczowe:
perspektywa czasowa, samoocena, motywacja, modelowanie strukturalneAbstrakt
Perspektywa czasowa jest procesem, dzięki któremu ludzie kategoryzują, archiwizują oraz odzyskują doświadczenia osobiste i społeczne z wykorzystaniem ram temporalnych (przeszłych, teraźniejszych i przyszłych) mających wpływ na różne aspekty ludzkiego zachowania i poznania. Dotychczas postulowano już istnienie związku między perspektywą czasową a samooceną, jednak metodologia poznawania go miała głównie charakter korelacyjny. W niniejszym badaniu zgłębiono model równań strukturalnych w odniesieniu do związku między perspektywą postrzegania czasu a samooceną. W skład próby badawczej weszło 474 studentów o średniej wiekowej 19 lat. Wypracowany model końcowy pokazał istotną predyktywność wysokiej samooceny (R2 = .39, p < .001) oraz wskaźniki dobrego dopasowania (x2/df = 2.1, CFI = .94, GFI = .91, RMSEA = .05) w powiązaniu z dwoma wymiarami temporalnymi wchodzącymi do modelu: Przeszłością Negatywną (ßSamoocena.PrzeszłośćNegatywna = -.52, p < .001) oraz Przyszłością-Negatywną (ßSamoocena.PrzyszłośćNegatywna = -.17, p < .001). Wskazano, iż negatywne afekty wymiarów czasu (w przeciwieństwie do pozytywnych) są bardziej związane z samooceną. Wyniki zostały omówione zarówno w odniesieniu do zagadnienia samooceny, jak i literatury dotyczącej perspektywy postrzegania czasu.Bibliografia
Anagnostopoulos, F., & Griva, F. (2012). Exploring Time Perspective in Greek young adults: Validation of the Zimbardo Time Perspective Inventory and relationships with mental health indicators. Social Indicators Research, 106(1), 41-59.
Apostolidis, T., Fieulaine, N., Simonin, L., & Rolland, G. (2006). Cannabis use, time perspective and risk perception: Evidence of a moderating effect. Psychology and Health, 21, 571-592.
Bembenutty, H., & Karabenick, S. A. (2004). Inherent Association Between Academic Delay of Gratification, Future Time Perspective and Self-Regulated Learning. Educational Psychology Review, 16(1), 35-57.
Boniwell, I. (2005). Beyond time management: how the latest research on time perspective and perceived time use can assist clients with time-related concerns. International Journal of Evidence Based Coaching and Mentoring, 3(2), 61-74.
Boniwell, I., & Zimbardo, P. G. (2004). Balancing One’s Time Perspective in Pursuit of Optimal Functioning. In P. A. Linley & S. Joseph (Eds.), Positive Psychology in Practice (pp. 165-178). Hoboken, NJ: Wiley.
Boyd, J. N., & Zimbardo, P. G. (1997). Constructing time after death: The transcendental future time perspective. Time and Society, 6(1), 35-54.
Carrelli, G., Wiberg, B., & Wiberg, M. (2011). Development and Construct Validation of the Swedish Zimbardo Time Perspective Inventory. European Journal of Psychological Assessment, 27(4), 220-227.
Corral-Verdugo, V., Fraijo-Sing, B., & Pinheiro, J. (2006). Sustainable behaviour and time perspective: present, past and future orientations and their relationship with water conservation behaviour. Interamerican Journal of Psychology, 40, 139-147.
Diener, E. & Diener, M. (1995). Cross-cultural correlates of life satisfaction and self-esteem. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 68, 653-663.
Dunkel, C. S., & Weber, J. L. (2010). Using Three Levels of Personality to Predict Time Perspective. Current Psychology, 29(2), 95-103.
Ferrari, J. R., & Diaz-Morales, J. F. (2007). Procrastination: Different time orientations reflect different motives. Journal of Research in Personality, 41, 707-714.
Fleming, J. S., & Courtney, B. E. (1984). The dimensionality of self-esteem: II. Hierarchical facet model for revised measurement scales. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 46, 404-421.
Furr, R. M., & Funder, D. C. (1998). A multi-modal analysis of personal negativity. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 74, 1580-1591.
Gray-Little, B., & Hafdahl, A. (2000). Factors influencing racial comparisons of self-esteem: A quantitative review. Psychological Bulletin, 126, 26-54.
Heatherton, T. F., & Wyland, C. L. (2003). Assessing self-esteem. In S. J. Lopez & C. R. Snyder (Eds.), Positive Psychological Assessment. A handbook of Models and Measures. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.
Janeiro, I. N. (2006). A perspectiva temporal, as crenças atribucionais, a auto-estima e as atitudes de planeamento e de exploração da carreira - estudo sobre os determinantes da maturidade na carreira em estudantes dos 9º e 12º anos [Time Perspective, atributional beliefs, self-esteem and career planning and exploration attitudes - a study about career maturity determinants in students of 9th and 12th year]. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, University of Lisbon, Lisbon, Portugal.
Janeiro, I. N. (2010). Motivational dynamics in the development of career attitudes among adolescents. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 76, 170-177.
Janeiro, I. N. (2012). O Inventário de Perspectiva Temporal: Estudo de Validação [The Time Perspective Inventory: Validation Study]. Revista Iberoamericana de Diagnóstico e Avaliação Psicológica, 34, 117-133.
Kant, I. (1997). Crítica da razão pura [Critique of Pure Reason]. (A. Morão, Trans.). Lisboa: Fundação Calouste Gulbenkian. (Original work published in 1781).
Keough, K. A., Zimbardo, P. G., & Boyd, J. N. (1999). Who’s Smoking, Drinking, and Using Drugs? Time Perspective as a Predictor of Substance Use. Basic and Applied Psychology, 21, 149-164.
Laghi, F., Baiocco, R., D’Alessio, M., & Gurrieri, G. (2009). Suicidal ideation and time perspective in high school students. European Psychiatry, 24, 41-46.
Leary, M. R. (1999). Making sense of Self-Esteem. Current directions in Psychological Science, 1, 32-35.
Lewin, K. (1965). Teoria de Campo em Ciência Social [Field Theory in Social Science]. (C. M. Bori, Trans.). São Paulo: Livraria Pioneira Editora. (Original work published in 1951).
Marôco, J. (2010). Análise de Equações Estruturais: Fundamentos teóricos, Software & Aplicações [Structural Equantion Analysis: Theoretical Fundamentals, Software & Applications]. Pêro Pinheiro: ReportNumber.
Milfont, T. L., & Gouveia, V. V. (2006). Time Perspective: An exploratory study of their relations to environmental attitudes. Journal of Environmental Psychology, 26, 72-82.
Mruk, C. J. (2006). Self-Esteem Research, Theory, and Practice: Toward a Positive Psychology of Self-Esteem - 3rd edition. New York: Springer.
Neiss, M. B., Stevenson, J., Legrand, L. N., Iacono, W. G., & Sedikides, C. (2009). Self-Esteem, Negative Emotionality, and Depression as a Common Temperamental Core: A Study of Mid-Adolescent Twin Girls. Journal of Personality, 77, 327-346.
Nobre, A. S., & Janeiro, I. N. (2010). Relação entre a Perspectiva Temporal e a Adaptação à Escola em alunos do 9º ano [Relation Between Time Perspective and School Adaptation in 9th year students]. Proceedings of VII Simpósio Nacional de Investigação em Psicologia. Braga: Universidade do Minho.
Ortuño, V., & Gamboa, V. (2008). Estudo Preliminar de Adaptação ao Português do Zimbardo Time Perspective Inventory - ZTPI [Preliminary Study of the Portuguese Adaptation of the Zimbardo Time Perspective Inventory - ZTPI]. In A. Noronha, C. Machado, L. Almeida, M. Gonçalves, S. Martins & V. Ramalho (Eds.), Proceedings of XIII Conferência Internacional de Avaliação Psicológica: Formas e Contextos. Braga: Universidade do Minho.
Ortuño, V., & Gamboa, V. (2009). Estrutura factorial do Zimbardo Time Perspective Inventory - ZTPI numa amostra de estudantes universitários portugueses [Zimbardo Time Perspective Inventory - ZTPI factor structure in a sample of Portuguese college students]. Avances en Psicología Latinoamericana, 27(1), 21-32.
Ortuño, V., Paixão, M. P., & Janeiro, I. N. (2011a). Diferenças na Perspectiva Temporal entre estudantes religiosos e não religiosos [Time Perspective diferences among religious and non-religious students]. In A. Ferreira, A. Verhaeghe, D. Silva, L. Almeida, R. Lima & S. Fraga (Eds.), Proceedings of VIII Congresso Iberoamericano de Avaliação Psicológica (pp. 74-84). Lisboa: Sociedade Portuguesa de Psicologia.
Ortuño, V., Paixão, M. P., & Janeiro, I. N. (2011b). Tempo e Universidade: A Evolução da Perspectiva Temporal ao Longo do Percurso Universitário [Time and University: The Evolution of Time Perspective Over the University Course]. In L. Faria, A. Araújo, F. Morais, E. Sá, J. Pinto & A. Silva (Eds.), Carreira, Criatividade e Empreendedorismo (pp. 217-225). Braga: APDC Edições.
Ortuño, V., Paixão, M. P., & Janeiro, I. (2013a). O tempo subjectivo como instrumento instrumento (des)adaptativo no processo desenvolvimental [Subjective time as a (un) adaptive instrument in the developmental process]. Análise Psicológica, 2(XXXI), 1-11.
Ortuño, V. E., Paixão, M. P., & Janeiro, I. N. (2013b). Tempus Post Mortem? Adaptação Portuguesa da Transcendental-Future Time Perspective Scale - TFTPS [Tempus Post Mortem? Portuguese Adaptation of the Transcendental-Future Time Perspective Scale - TFTPS]. Avances en Psicologia Latinoamericana, 31(2), 396-408.
Ortuño, V. E., Gomes, C. V., Vasquez, A. E., Belo, P., Imaginário, S., Paixão, M. P., & Janeiro, I. N. (in press). Satisfaction with Life and College Social Integration: A Time Perspective Multiple Regression Model. Proceedings of 1st International Conference on Time Perspective. Coimbra: University of Coimbra Press.
Paixão, M. P. (2004). A dimensão temporal do futuro na elaboração de objectivos pessoais e organização de projectos vocacionais [The Future Temporal Dimension in the Elaboration of Personal Goals and Organization of Vocational Projects]. Psychologica, extra-série, 273-286.
Peck, L. (2008). The Eating Disorders Continuum, Self-Esteem, and Perfectionism. Journal of Counseling & Development, 86(2), 184-192.
Pyszczynski, T., Greenberg, J., & Solomon, S. (1999). A dual-process model of defense against conscious and unconscious death-related thoughts: An extension of terror management theory. Psychological Review, 106, 835-845.
Rosenberg, M. (1986). Self-concept from middle childhood through adolescence. In J. Suls & A. G. Greenwald (Eds.), Psychological Perspectives on the Self (Vol. 3). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
Rosenberg, M. (1965). Society and the adolescent self-image. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
Salmela-Aro, K., & Nurmi, J. E. (2007). Self-esteem during university studies predicts career characteristics 10 years later. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 70, 463-477.
Santos, P. J., & Maia, J. (2003). Análise factorial confirmatória e validação preliminar de uma versão portuguesa da escala de Auto-Estima de Rosenberg [Confirmatory factor analysis and preliminary validation of the Portuguese Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale]. Teoria, investigação e prática, 2, 253-268.
Santos, P. J., & Maia, J. (1999). Adaptação e análise factorial confirmatória da Rosenberg Self- Esteem Scale com uma amostra de adolescentes: Resultados Preliminares [Adaptation and confirmatory factor analysis of Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale in a adolescent sample: Preliminary results]. In: A. P. Soares, S. Araujo & S. Caires (Orgs). Avaliação Psicologica: Formas e contextos (Vol. VI) (pp. 101-113). Braga: APPORT.
Sword, R. M., Sword, R. K., Brunskill, S. R., & Zimbardo, P. G. (2013). Time Perspective Therapy: A New Time-Based Metaphor Therapy for PTSD. Journal of Loss and Trauma: International Perspectives on Stress & Coping, DOI:10.1080/15325024.2013.763632.
Trommsdorff, G. (1983). Future orientation and socialization. International Journal of Psychology, 18, 381-406.
Watson, D., Suls, J., & Haig, J. (2002). Global self-esteem in relation to structural models of personality and affectivity. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 83, 185-197.
Worrell, F. C., Mello, Z. R., & Buhl, M. (2012). Introducing English and German versions of the Adolescent Time Attitude Scale (ATAS). Assessment. Advance online publication. DOI:10.1177/1073191110396202.
Zimbardo, P. G., & Boyd, J. N. (1999). Putting time in perspective: A valid, reliable individual differences metric. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 77, 1271-1288.
Zimbardo, P. G., & Boyd, J. N. (2008). The Time Paradox: Using the New Psychology of Time to Your Advantage. London: Rider.
Zimbardo, P. G., Keough, K. A., & Boyd, J. N. (1997). Present time perspective as a predictor of risky driving. Personality and Individual Differences, 23, 1007-1023.
Apostolidis, T., Fieulaine, N., Simonin, L., & Rolland, G. (2006). Cannabis use, time perspective and risk perception: Evidence of a moderating effect. Psychology and Health, 21, 571-592.
Bembenutty, H., & Karabenick, S. A. (2004). Inherent Association Between Academic Delay of Gratification, Future Time Perspective and Self-Regulated Learning. Educational Psychology Review, 16(1), 35-57.
Boniwell, I. (2005). Beyond time management: how the latest research on time perspective and perceived time use can assist clients with time-related concerns. International Journal of Evidence Based Coaching and Mentoring, 3(2), 61-74.
Boniwell, I., & Zimbardo, P. G. (2004). Balancing One’s Time Perspective in Pursuit of Optimal Functioning. In P. A. Linley & S. Joseph (Eds.), Positive Psychology in Practice (pp. 165-178). Hoboken, NJ: Wiley.
Boyd, J. N., & Zimbardo, P. G. (1997). Constructing time after death: The transcendental future time perspective. Time and Society, 6(1), 35-54.
Carrelli, G., Wiberg, B., & Wiberg, M. (2011). Development and Construct Validation of the Swedish Zimbardo Time Perspective Inventory. European Journal of Psychological Assessment, 27(4), 220-227.
Corral-Verdugo, V., Fraijo-Sing, B., & Pinheiro, J. (2006). Sustainable behaviour and time perspective: present, past and future orientations and their relationship with water conservation behaviour. Interamerican Journal of Psychology, 40, 139-147.
Diener, E. & Diener, M. (1995). Cross-cultural correlates of life satisfaction and self-esteem. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 68, 653-663.
Dunkel, C. S., & Weber, J. L. (2010). Using Three Levels of Personality to Predict Time Perspective. Current Psychology, 29(2), 95-103.
Ferrari, J. R., & Diaz-Morales, J. F. (2007). Procrastination: Different time orientations reflect different motives. Journal of Research in Personality, 41, 707-714.
Fleming, J. S., & Courtney, B. E. (1984). The dimensionality of self-esteem: II. Hierarchical facet model for revised measurement scales. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 46, 404-421.
Furr, R. M., & Funder, D. C. (1998). A multi-modal analysis of personal negativity. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 74, 1580-1591.
Gray-Little, B., & Hafdahl, A. (2000). Factors influencing racial comparisons of self-esteem: A quantitative review. Psychological Bulletin, 126, 26-54.
Heatherton, T. F., & Wyland, C. L. (2003). Assessing self-esteem. In S. J. Lopez & C. R. Snyder (Eds.), Positive Psychological Assessment. A handbook of Models and Measures. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.
Janeiro, I. N. (2006). A perspectiva temporal, as crenças atribucionais, a auto-estima e as atitudes de planeamento e de exploração da carreira - estudo sobre os determinantes da maturidade na carreira em estudantes dos 9º e 12º anos [Time Perspective, atributional beliefs, self-esteem and career planning and exploration attitudes - a study about career maturity determinants in students of 9th and 12th year]. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, University of Lisbon, Lisbon, Portugal.
Janeiro, I. N. (2010). Motivational dynamics in the development of career attitudes among adolescents. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 76, 170-177.
Janeiro, I. N. (2012). O Inventário de Perspectiva Temporal: Estudo de Validação [The Time Perspective Inventory: Validation Study]. Revista Iberoamericana de Diagnóstico e Avaliação Psicológica, 34, 117-133.
Kant, I. (1997). Crítica da razão pura [Critique of Pure Reason]. (A. Morão, Trans.). Lisboa: Fundação Calouste Gulbenkian. (Original work published in 1781).
Keough, K. A., Zimbardo, P. G., & Boyd, J. N. (1999). Who’s Smoking, Drinking, and Using Drugs? Time Perspective as a Predictor of Substance Use. Basic and Applied Psychology, 21, 149-164.
Laghi, F., Baiocco, R., D’Alessio, M., & Gurrieri, G. (2009). Suicidal ideation and time perspective in high school students. European Psychiatry, 24, 41-46.
Leary, M. R. (1999). Making sense of Self-Esteem. Current directions in Psychological Science, 1, 32-35.
Lewin, K. (1965). Teoria de Campo em Ciência Social [Field Theory in Social Science]. (C. M. Bori, Trans.). São Paulo: Livraria Pioneira Editora. (Original work published in 1951).
Marôco, J. (2010). Análise de Equações Estruturais: Fundamentos teóricos, Software & Aplicações [Structural Equantion Analysis: Theoretical Fundamentals, Software & Applications]. Pêro Pinheiro: ReportNumber.
Milfont, T. L., & Gouveia, V. V. (2006). Time Perspective: An exploratory study of their relations to environmental attitudes. Journal of Environmental Psychology, 26, 72-82.
Mruk, C. J. (2006). Self-Esteem Research, Theory, and Practice: Toward a Positive Psychology of Self-Esteem - 3rd edition. New York: Springer.
Neiss, M. B., Stevenson, J., Legrand, L. N., Iacono, W. G., & Sedikides, C. (2009). Self-Esteem, Negative Emotionality, and Depression as a Common Temperamental Core: A Study of Mid-Adolescent Twin Girls. Journal of Personality, 77, 327-346.
Nobre, A. S., & Janeiro, I. N. (2010). Relação entre a Perspectiva Temporal e a Adaptação à Escola em alunos do 9º ano [Relation Between Time Perspective and School Adaptation in 9th year students]. Proceedings of VII Simpósio Nacional de Investigação em Psicologia. Braga: Universidade do Minho.
Ortuño, V., & Gamboa, V. (2008). Estudo Preliminar de Adaptação ao Português do Zimbardo Time Perspective Inventory - ZTPI [Preliminary Study of the Portuguese Adaptation of the Zimbardo Time Perspective Inventory - ZTPI]. In A. Noronha, C. Machado, L. Almeida, M. Gonçalves, S. Martins & V. Ramalho (Eds.), Proceedings of XIII Conferência Internacional de Avaliação Psicológica: Formas e Contextos. Braga: Universidade do Minho.
Ortuño, V., & Gamboa, V. (2009). Estrutura factorial do Zimbardo Time Perspective Inventory - ZTPI numa amostra de estudantes universitários portugueses [Zimbardo Time Perspective Inventory - ZTPI factor structure in a sample of Portuguese college students]. Avances en Psicología Latinoamericana, 27(1), 21-32.
Ortuño, V., Paixão, M. P., & Janeiro, I. N. (2011a). Diferenças na Perspectiva Temporal entre estudantes religiosos e não religiosos [Time Perspective diferences among religious and non-religious students]. In A. Ferreira, A. Verhaeghe, D. Silva, L. Almeida, R. Lima & S. Fraga (Eds.), Proceedings of VIII Congresso Iberoamericano de Avaliação Psicológica (pp. 74-84). Lisboa: Sociedade Portuguesa de Psicologia.
Ortuño, V., Paixão, M. P., & Janeiro, I. N. (2011b). Tempo e Universidade: A Evolução da Perspectiva Temporal ao Longo do Percurso Universitário [Time and University: The Evolution of Time Perspective Over the University Course]. In L. Faria, A. Araújo, F. Morais, E. Sá, J. Pinto & A. Silva (Eds.), Carreira, Criatividade e Empreendedorismo (pp. 217-225). Braga: APDC Edições.
Ortuño, V., Paixão, M. P., & Janeiro, I. (2013a). O tempo subjectivo como instrumento instrumento (des)adaptativo no processo desenvolvimental [Subjective time as a (un) adaptive instrument in the developmental process]. Análise Psicológica, 2(XXXI), 1-11.
Ortuño, V. E., Paixão, M. P., & Janeiro, I. N. (2013b). Tempus Post Mortem? Adaptação Portuguesa da Transcendental-Future Time Perspective Scale - TFTPS [Tempus Post Mortem? Portuguese Adaptation of the Transcendental-Future Time Perspective Scale - TFTPS]. Avances en Psicologia Latinoamericana, 31(2), 396-408.
Ortuño, V. E., Gomes, C. V., Vasquez, A. E., Belo, P., Imaginário, S., Paixão, M. P., & Janeiro, I. N. (in press). Satisfaction with Life and College Social Integration: A Time Perspective Multiple Regression Model. Proceedings of 1st International Conference on Time Perspective. Coimbra: University of Coimbra Press.
Paixão, M. P. (2004). A dimensão temporal do futuro na elaboração de objectivos pessoais e organização de projectos vocacionais [The Future Temporal Dimension in the Elaboration of Personal Goals and Organization of Vocational Projects]. Psychologica, extra-série, 273-286.
Peck, L. (2008). The Eating Disorders Continuum, Self-Esteem, and Perfectionism. Journal of Counseling & Development, 86(2), 184-192.
Pyszczynski, T., Greenberg, J., & Solomon, S. (1999). A dual-process model of defense against conscious and unconscious death-related thoughts: An extension of terror management theory. Psychological Review, 106, 835-845.
Rosenberg, M. (1986). Self-concept from middle childhood through adolescence. In J. Suls & A. G. Greenwald (Eds.), Psychological Perspectives on the Self (Vol. 3). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
Rosenberg, M. (1965). Society and the adolescent self-image. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
Salmela-Aro, K., & Nurmi, J. E. (2007). Self-esteem during university studies predicts career characteristics 10 years later. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 70, 463-477.
Santos, P. J., & Maia, J. (2003). Análise factorial confirmatória e validação preliminar de uma versão portuguesa da escala de Auto-Estima de Rosenberg [Confirmatory factor analysis and preliminary validation of the Portuguese Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale]. Teoria, investigação e prática, 2, 253-268.
Santos, P. J., & Maia, J. (1999). Adaptação e análise factorial confirmatória da Rosenberg Self- Esteem Scale com uma amostra de adolescentes: Resultados Preliminares [Adaptation and confirmatory factor analysis of Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale in a adolescent sample: Preliminary results]. In: A. P. Soares, S. Araujo & S. Caires (Orgs). Avaliação Psicologica: Formas e contextos (Vol. VI) (pp. 101-113). Braga: APPORT.
Sword, R. M., Sword, R. K., Brunskill, S. R., & Zimbardo, P. G. (2013). Time Perspective Therapy: A New Time-Based Metaphor Therapy for PTSD. Journal of Loss and Trauma: International Perspectives on Stress & Coping, DOI:10.1080/15325024.2013.763632.
Trommsdorff, G. (1983). Future orientation and socialization. International Journal of Psychology, 18, 381-406.
Watson, D., Suls, J., & Haig, J. (2002). Global self-esteem in relation to structural models of personality and affectivity. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 83, 185-197.
Worrell, F. C., Mello, Z. R., & Buhl, M. (2012). Introducing English and German versions of the Adolescent Time Attitude Scale (ATAS). Assessment. Advance online publication. DOI:10.1177/1073191110396202.
Zimbardo, P. G., & Boyd, J. N. (1999). Putting time in perspective: A valid, reliable individual differences metric. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 77, 1271-1288.
Zimbardo, P. G., & Boyd, J. N. (2008). The Time Paradox: Using the New Psychology of Time to Your Advantage. London: Rider.
Zimbardo, P. G., Keough, K. A., & Boyd, J. N. (1997). Present time perspective as a predictor of risky driving. Personality and Individual Differences, 23, 1007-1023.
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2013-12-01
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Ortuno, V., & Echeverria, A. (2013). Perspektywa czasowa a samoocena: wpływ negatywnej temporalności na sposób oceniania samego siebie. Annales Universitatis Paedagogicae Cracoviensis Studia Psychologica, 6(1), 109–125. Pobrano z https://studia-psychologica.uken.krakow.pl/article/view/5593
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