Time Perspective and Self-Esteem: Negative Temporality Affects the Way We Judge Ourselves
Keywords:
time perspective, self-esteem, motivation, structural equation modellingAbstract
Time Perspective is the process by which people categorize, archive and recover personal and social experiences through temporal frames (past, present, and future), influencing various aspects of human behaviour and cognition. It was proposed that it is related to selfesteem, though until now the main approach when exploring this relation was correlational. In this study, we explore a structural equation model of Time Perspective’s association with Self-Esteem. The sample was composed of 474 undergraduate students with a mean age of 19 years. The final model presented a high predictive power of Self-Esteem (R2 = .39, p < .001) and good fit indices (x2/df = 2.1, CFI = .94, GFI = .91, RMSEA = .05) with two temporal dimensions entering the model: Past Negative (ßSelf-Esteem.PastNegative = -.52, p < .001) and Future-Negative (ßSelf-Esteem.FutureNegative = -.17, p < .001) showing that negative affects of time dimensions (rather than positive ones) are more related to Self-Esteem. Results are discussed in relation to Self-Esteem and TP literature.References
Anagnostopoulos, F., & Griva, F. (2012). Exploring Time Perspective in Greek young adults: Validation of the Zimbardo Time Perspective Inventory and relationships with mental health indicators. Social Indicators Research, 106(1), 41-59.
Apostolidis, T., Fieulaine, N., Simonin, L., & Rolland, G. (2006). Cannabis use, time perspective and risk perception: Evidence of a moderating effect. Psychology and Health, 21, 571-592.
Bembenutty, H., & Karabenick, S. A. (2004). Inherent Association Between Academic Delay of Gratification, Future Time Perspective and Self-Regulated Learning. Educational Psychology Review, 16(1), 35-57.
Boniwell, I. (2005). Beyond time management: how the latest research on time perspective and perceived time use can assist clients with time-related concerns. International Journal of Evidence Based Coaching and Mentoring, 3(2), 61-74.
Boniwell, I., & Zimbardo, P. G. (2004). Balancing One’s Time Perspective in Pursuit of Optimal Functioning. In P. A. Linley & S. Joseph (Eds.), Positive Psychology in Practice (pp. 165-178). Hoboken, NJ: Wiley.
Boyd, J. N., & Zimbardo, P. G. (1997). Constructing time after death: The transcendental future time perspective. Time and Society, 6(1), 35-54.
Carrelli, G., Wiberg, B., & Wiberg, M. (2011). Development and Construct Validation of the Swedish Zimbardo Time Perspective Inventory. European Journal of Psychological Assessment, 27(4), 220-227.
Corral-Verdugo, V., Fraijo-Sing, B., & Pinheiro, J. (2006). Sustainable behaviour and time perspective: present, past and future orientations and their relationship with water conservation behaviour. Interamerican Journal of Psychology, 40, 139-147.
Diener, E. & Diener, M. (1995). Cross-cultural correlates of life satisfaction and self-esteem. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 68, 653-663.
Dunkel, C. S., & Weber, J. L. (2010). Using Three Levels of Personality to Predict Time Perspective. Current Psychology, 29(2), 95-103.
Ferrari, J. R., & Diaz-Morales, J. F. (2007). Procrastination: Different time orientations reflect different motives. Journal of Research in Personality, 41, 707-714.
Fleming, J. S., & Courtney, B. E. (1984). The dimensionality of self-esteem: II. Hierarchical facet model for revised measurement scales. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 46, 404-421.
Furr, R. M., & Funder, D. C. (1998). A multi-modal analysis of personal negativity. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 74, 1580-1591.
Gray-Little, B., & Hafdahl, A. (2000). Factors influencing racial comparisons of self-esteem: A quantitative review. Psychological Bulletin, 126, 26-54.
Heatherton, T. F., & Wyland, C. L. (2003). Assessing self-esteem. In S. J. Lopez & C. R. Snyder (Eds.), Positive Psychological Assessment. A handbook of Models and Measures. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.
Janeiro, I. N. (2006). A perspectiva temporal, as crenças atribucionais, a auto-estima e as atitudes de planeamento e de exploração da carreira - estudo sobre os determinantes da maturidade na carreira em estudantes dos 9º e 12º anos [Time Perspective, atributional beliefs, self-esteem and career planning and exploration attitudes - a study about career maturity determinants in students of 9th and 12th year]. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, University of Lisbon, Lisbon, Portugal.
Janeiro, I. N. (2010). Motivational dynamics in the development of career attitudes among adolescents. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 76, 170-177.
Janeiro, I. N. (2012). O Inventário de Perspectiva Temporal: Estudo de Validação [The Time Perspective Inventory: Validation Study]. Revista Iberoamericana de Diagnóstico e Avaliação Psicológica, 34, 117-133.
Kant, I. (1997). Crítica da razão pura [Critique of Pure Reason]. (A. Morão, Trans.). Lisboa: Fundação Calouste Gulbenkian. (Original work published in 1781).
Keough, K. A., Zimbardo, P. G., & Boyd, J. N. (1999). Who’s Smoking, Drinking, and Using Drugs? Time Perspective as a Predictor of Substance Use. Basic and Applied Psychology, 21, 149-164.
Laghi, F., Baiocco, R., D’Alessio, M., & Gurrieri, G. (2009). Suicidal ideation and time perspective in high school students. European Psychiatry, 24, 41-46.
Leary, M. R. (1999). Making sense of Self-Esteem. Current directions in Psychological Science, 1, 32-35.
Lewin, K. (1965). Teoria de Campo em Ciência Social [Field Theory in Social Science]. (C. M. Bori, Trans.). São Paulo: Livraria Pioneira Editora. (Original work published in 1951).
Marôco, J. (2010). Análise de Equações Estruturais: Fundamentos teóricos, Software & Aplicações [Structural Equantion Analysis: Theoretical Fundamentals, Software & Applications]. Pêro Pinheiro: ReportNumber.
Milfont, T. L., & Gouveia, V. V. (2006). Time Perspective: An exploratory study of their relations to environmental attitudes. Journal of Environmental Psychology, 26, 72-82.
Mruk, C. J. (2006). Self-Esteem Research, Theory, and Practice: Toward a Positive Psychology of Self-Esteem - 3rd edition. New York: Springer.
Neiss, M. B., Stevenson, J., Legrand, L. N., Iacono, W. G., & Sedikides, C. (2009). Self-Esteem, Negative Emotionality, and Depression as a Common Temperamental Core: A Study of Mid-Adolescent Twin Girls. Journal of Personality, 77, 327-346.
Nobre, A. S., & Janeiro, I. N. (2010). Relação entre a Perspectiva Temporal e a Adaptação à Escola em alunos do 9º ano [Relation Between Time Perspective and School Adaptation in 9th year students]. Proceedings of VII Simpósio Nacional de Investigação em Psicologia. Braga: Universidade do Minho.
Ortuño, V., & Gamboa, V. (2008). Estudo Preliminar de Adaptação ao Português do Zimbardo Time Perspective Inventory - ZTPI [Preliminary Study of the Portuguese Adaptation of the Zimbardo Time Perspective Inventory - ZTPI]. In A. Noronha, C. Machado, L. Almeida, M. Gonçalves, S. Martins & V. Ramalho (Eds.), Proceedings of XIII Conferência Internacional de Avaliação Psicológica: Formas e Contextos. Braga: Universidade do Minho.
Ortuño, V., & Gamboa, V. (2009). Estrutura factorial do Zimbardo Time Perspective Inventory - ZTPI numa amostra de estudantes universitários portugueses [Zimbardo Time Perspective Inventory - ZTPI factor structure in a sample of Portuguese college students]. Avances en Psicología Latinoamericana, 27(1), 21-32.
Ortuño, V., Paixão, M. P., & Janeiro, I. N. (2011a). Diferenças na Perspectiva Temporal entre estudantes religiosos e não religiosos [Time Perspective diferences among religious and non-religious students]. In A. Ferreira, A. Verhaeghe, D. Silva, L. Almeida, R. Lima & S. Fraga (Eds.), Proceedings of VIII Congresso Iberoamericano de Avaliação Psicológica (pp. 74-84). Lisboa: Sociedade Portuguesa de Psicologia.
Ortuño, V., Paixão, M. P., & Janeiro, I. N. (2011b). Tempo e Universidade: A Evolução da Perspectiva Temporal ao Longo do Percurso Universitário [Time and University: The Evolution of Time Perspective Over the University Course]. In L. Faria, A. Araújo, F. Morais, E. Sá, J. Pinto & A. Silva (Eds.), Carreira, Criatividade e Empreendedorismo (pp. 217-225). Braga: APDC Edições.
Ortuño, V., Paixão, M. P., & Janeiro, I. (2013a). O tempo subjectivo como instrumento instrumento (des)adaptativo no processo desenvolvimental [Subjective time as a (un) adaptive instrument in the developmental process]. Análise Psicológica, 2(XXXI), 1-11.
Ortuño, V. E., Paixão, M. P., & Janeiro, I. N. (2013b). Tempus Post Mortem? Adaptação Portuguesa da Transcendental-Future Time Perspective Scale - TFTPS [Tempus Post Mortem? Portuguese Adaptation of the Transcendental-Future Time Perspective Scale - TFTPS]. Avances en Psicologia Latinoamericana, 31(2), 396-408.
Ortuño, V. E., Gomes, C. V., Vasquez, A. E., Belo, P., Imaginário, S., Paixão, M. P., & Janeiro, I. N. (in press). Satisfaction with Life and College Social Integration: A Time Perspective Multiple Regression Model. Proceedings of 1st International Conference on Time Perspective. Coimbra: University of Coimbra Press.
Paixão, M. P. (2004). A dimensão temporal do futuro na elaboração de objectivos pessoais e organização de projectos vocacionais [The Future Temporal Dimension in the Elaboration of Personal Goals and Organization of Vocational Projects]. Psychologica, extra-série, 273-286.
Peck, L. (2008). The Eating Disorders Continuum, Self-Esteem, and Perfectionism. Journal of Counseling & Development, 86(2), 184-192.
Pyszczynski, T., Greenberg, J., & Solomon, S. (1999). A dual-process model of defense against conscious and unconscious death-related thoughts: An extension of terror management theory. Psychological Review, 106, 835-845.
Rosenberg, M. (1986). Self-concept from middle childhood through adolescence. In J. Suls & A. G. Greenwald (Eds.), Psychological Perspectives on the Self (Vol. 3). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
Rosenberg, M. (1965). Society and the adolescent self-image. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
Salmela-Aro, K., & Nurmi, J. E. (2007). Self-esteem during university studies predicts career characteristics 10 years later. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 70, 463-477.
Santos, P. J., & Maia, J. (2003). Análise factorial confirmatória e validação preliminar de uma versão portuguesa da escala de Auto-Estima de Rosenberg [Confirmatory factor analysis and preliminary validation of the Portuguese Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale]. Teoria, investigação e prática, 2, 253-268.
Santos, P. J., & Maia, J. (1999). Adaptação e análise factorial confirmatória da Rosenberg Self- Esteem Scale com uma amostra de adolescentes: Resultados Preliminares [Adaptation and confirmatory factor analysis of Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale in a adolescent sample: Preliminary results]. In: A. P. Soares, S. Araujo & S. Caires (Orgs). Avaliação Psicologica: Formas e contextos (Vol. VI) (pp. 101-113). Braga: APPORT.
Sword, R. M., Sword, R. K., Brunskill, S. R., & Zimbardo, P. G. (2013). Time Perspective Therapy: A New Time-Based Metaphor Therapy for PTSD. Journal of Loss and Trauma: International Perspectives on Stress & Coping, DOI:10.1080/15325024.2013.763632.
Trommsdorff, G. (1983). Future orientation and socialization. International Journal of Psychology, 18, 381-406.
Watson, D., Suls, J., & Haig, J. (2002). Global self-esteem in relation to structural models of personality and affectivity. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 83, 185-197.
Worrell, F. C., Mello, Z. R., & Buhl, M. (2012). Introducing English and German versions of the Adolescent Time Attitude Scale (ATAS). Assessment. Advance online publication. DOI:10.1177/1073191110396202.
Zimbardo, P. G., & Boyd, J. N. (1999). Putting time in perspective: A valid, reliable individual differences metric. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 77, 1271-1288.
Zimbardo, P. G., & Boyd, J. N. (2008). The Time Paradox: Using the New Psychology of Time to Your Advantage. London: Rider.
Zimbardo, P. G., Keough, K. A., & Boyd, J. N. (1997). Present time perspective as a predictor of risky driving. Personality and Individual Differences, 23, 1007-1023.
Apostolidis, T., Fieulaine, N., Simonin, L., & Rolland, G. (2006). Cannabis use, time perspective and risk perception: Evidence of a moderating effect. Psychology and Health, 21, 571-592.
Bembenutty, H., & Karabenick, S. A. (2004). Inherent Association Between Academic Delay of Gratification, Future Time Perspective and Self-Regulated Learning. Educational Psychology Review, 16(1), 35-57.
Boniwell, I. (2005). Beyond time management: how the latest research on time perspective and perceived time use can assist clients with time-related concerns. International Journal of Evidence Based Coaching and Mentoring, 3(2), 61-74.
Boniwell, I., & Zimbardo, P. G. (2004). Balancing One’s Time Perspective in Pursuit of Optimal Functioning. In P. A. Linley & S. Joseph (Eds.), Positive Psychology in Practice (pp. 165-178). Hoboken, NJ: Wiley.
Boyd, J. N., & Zimbardo, P. G. (1997). Constructing time after death: The transcendental future time perspective. Time and Society, 6(1), 35-54.
Carrelli, G., Wiberg, B., & Wiberg, M. (2011). Development and Construct Validation of the Swedish Zimbardo Time Perspective Inventory. European Journal of Psychological Assessment, 27(4), 220-227.
Corral-Verdugo, V., Fraijo-Sing, B., & Pinheiro, J. (2006). Sustainable behaviour and time perspective: present, past and future orientations and their relationship with water conservation behaviour. Interamerican Journal of Psychology, 40, 139-147.
Diener, E. & Diener, M. (1995). Cross-cultural correlates of life satisfaction and self-esteem. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 68, 653-663.
Dunkel, C. S., & Weber, J. L. (2010). Using Three Levels of Personality to Predict Time Perspective. Current Psychology, 29(2), 95-103.
Ferrari, J. R., & Diaz-Morales, J. F. (2007). Procrastination: Different time orientations reflect different motives. Journal of Research in Personality, 41, 707-714.
Fleming, J. S., & Courtney, B. E. (1984). The dimensionality of self-esteem: II. Hierarchical facet model for revised measurement scales. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 46, 404-421.
Furr, R. M., & Funder, D. C. (1998). A multi-modal analysis of personal negativity. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 74, 1580-1591.
Gray-Little, B., & Hafdahl, A. (2000). Factors influencing racial comparisons of self-esteem: A quantitative review. Psychological Bulletin, 126, 26-54.
Heatherton, T. F., & Wyland, C. L. (2003). Assessing self-esteem. In S. J. Lopez & C. R. Snyder (Eds.), Positive Psychological Assessment. A handbook of Models and Measures. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.
Janeiro, I. N. (2006). A perspectiva temporal, as crenças atribucionais, a auto-estima e as atitudes de planeamento e de exploração da carreira - estudo sobre os determinantes da maturidade na carreira em estudantes dos 9º e 12º anos [Time Perspective, atributional beliefs, self-esteem and career planning and exploration attitudes - a study about career maturity determinants in students of 9th and 12th year]. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, University of Lisbon, Lisbon, Portugal.
Janeiro, I. N. (2010). Motivational dynamics in the development of career attitudes among adolescents. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 76, 170-177.
Janeiro, I. N. (2012). O Inventário de Perspectiva Temporal: Estudo de Validação [The Time Perspective Inventory: Validation Study]. Revista Iberoamericana de Diagnóstico e Avaliação Psicológica, 34, 117-133.
Kant, I. (1997). Crítica da razão pura [Critique of Pure Reason]. (A. Morão, Trans.). Lisboa: Fundação Calouste Gulbenkian. (Original work published in 1781).
Keough, K. A., Zimbardo, P. G., & Boyd, J. N. (1999). Who’s Smoking, Drinking, and Using Drugs? Time Perspective as a Predictor of Substance Use. Basic and Applied Psychology, 21, 149-164.
Laghi, F., Baiocco, R., D’Alessio, M., & Gurrieri, G. (2009). Suicidal ideation and time perspective in high school students. European Psychiatry, 24, 41-46.
Leary, M. R. (1999). Making sense of Self-Esteem. Current directions in Psychological Science, 1, 32-35.
Lewin, K. (1965). Teoria de Campo em Ciência Social [Field Theory in Social Science]. (C. M. Bori, Trans.). São Paulo: Livraria Pioneira Editora. (Original work published in 1951).
Marôco, J. (2010). Análise de Equações Estruturais: Fundamentos teóricos, Software & Aplicações [Structural Equantion Analysis: Theoretical Fundamentals, Software & Applications]. Pêro Pinheiro: ReportNumber.
Milfont, T. L., & Gouveia, V. V. (2006). Time Perspective: An exploratory study of their relations to environmental attitudes. Journal of Environmental Psychology, 26, 72-82.
Mruk, C. J. (2006). Self-Esteem Research, Theory, and Practice: Toward a Positive Psychology of Self-Esteem - 3rd edition. New York: Springer.
Neiss, M. B., Stevenson, J., Legrand, L. N., Iacono, W. G., & Sedikides, C. (2009). Self-Esteem, Negative Emotionality, and Depression as a Common Temperamental Core: A Study of Mid-Adolescent Twin Girls. Journal of Personality, 77, 327-346.
Nobre, A. S., & Janeiro, I. N. (2010). Relação entre a Perspectiva Temporal e a Adaptação à Escola em alunos do 9º ano [Relation Between Time Perspective and School Adaptation in 9th year students]. Proceedings of VII Simpósio Nacional de Investigação em Psicologia. Braga: Universidade do Minho.
Ortuño, V., & Gamboa, V. (2008). Estudo Preliminar de Adaptação ao Português do Zimbardo Time Perspective Inventory - ZTPI [Preliminary Study of the Portuguese Adaptation of the Zimbardo Time Perspective Inventory - ZTPI]. In A. Noronha, C. Machado, L. Almeida, M. Gonçalves, S. Martins & V. Ramalho (Eds.), Proceedings of XIII Conferência Internacional de Avaliação Psicológica: Formas e Contextos. Braga: Universidade do Minho.
Ortuño, V., & Gamboa, V. (2009). Estrutura factorial do Zimbardo Time Perspective Inventory - ZTPI numa amostra de estudantes universitários portugueses [Zimbardo Time Perspective Inventory - ZTPI factor structure in a sample of Portuguese college students]. Avances en Psicología Latinoamericana, 27(1), 21-32.
Ortuño, V., Paixão, M. P., & Janeiro, I. N. (2011a). Diferenças na Perspectiva Temporal entre estudantes religiosos e não religiosos [Time Perspective diferences among religious and non-religious students]. In A. Ferreira, A. Verhaeghe, D. Silva, L. Almeida, R. Lima & S. Fraga (Eds.), Proceedings of VIII Congresso Iberoamericano de Avaliação Psicológica (pp. 74-84). Lisboa: Sociedade Portuguesa de Psicologia.
Ortuño, V., Paixão, M. P., & Janeiro, I. N. (2011b). Tempo e Universidade: A Evolução da Perspectiva Temporal ao Longo do Percurso Universitário [Time and University: The Evolution of Time Perspective Over the University Course]. In L. Faria, A. Araújo, F. Morais, E. Sá, J. Pinto & A. Silva (Eds.), Carreira, Criatividade e Empreendedorismo (pp. 217-225). Braga: APDC Edições.
Ortuño, V., Paixão, M. P., & Janeiro, I. (2013a). O tempo subjectivo como instrumento instrumento (des)adaptativo no processo desenvolvimental [Subjective time as a (un) adaptive instrument in the developmental process]. Análise Psicológica, 2(XXXI), 1-11.
Ortuño, V. E., Paixão, M. P., & Janeiro, I. N. (2013b). Tempus Post Mortem? Adaptação Portuguesa da Transcendental-Future Time Perspective Scale - TFTPS [Tempus Post Mortem? Portuguese Adaptation of the Transcendental-Future Time Perspective Scale - TFTPS]. Avances en Psicologia Latinoamericana, 31(2), 396-408.
Ortuño, V. E., Gomes, C. V., Vasquez, A. E., Belo, P., Imaginário, S., Paixão, M. P., & Janeiro, I. N. (in press). Satisfaction with Life and College Social Integration: A Time Perspective Multiple Regression Model. Proceedings of 1st International Conference on Time Perspective. Coimbra: University of Coimbra Press.
Paixão, M. P. (2004). A dimensão temporal do futuro na elaboração de objectivos pessoais e organização de projectos vocacionais [The Future Temporal Dimension in the Elaboration of Personal Goals and Organization of Vocational Projects]. Psychologica, extra-série, 273-286.
Peck, L. (2008). The Eating Disorders Continuum, Self-Esteem, and Perfectionism. Journal of Counseling & Development, 86(2), 184-192.
Pyszczynski, T., Greenberg, J., & Solomon, S. (1999). A dual-process model of defense against conscious and unconscious death-related thoughts: An extension of terror management theory. Psychological Review, 106, 835-845.
Rosenberg, M. (1986). Self-concept from middle childhood through adolescence. In J. Suls & A. G. Greenwald (Eds.), Psychological Perspectives on the Self (Vol. 3). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
Rosenberg, M. (1965). Society and the adolescent self-image. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
Salmela-Aro, K., & Nurmi, J. E. (2007). Self-esteem during university studies predicts career characteristics 10 years later. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 70, 463-477.
Santos, P. J., & Maia, J. (2003). Análise factorial confirmatória e validação preliminar de uma versão portuguesa da escala de Auto-Estima de Rosenberg [Confirmatory factor analysis and preliminary validation of the Portuguese Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale]. Teoria, investigação e prática, 2, 253-268.
Santos, P. J., & Maia, J. (1999). Adaptação e análise factorial confirmatória da Rosenberg Self- Esteem Scale com uma amostra de adolescentes: Resultados Preliminares [Adaptation and confirmatory factor analysis of Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale in a adolescent sample: Preliminary results]. In: A. P. Soares, S. Araujo & S. Caires (Orgs). Avaliação Psicologica: Formas e contextos (Vol. VI) (pp. 101-113). Braga: APPORT.
Sword, R. M., Sword, R. K., Brunskill, S. R., & Zimbardo, P. G. (2013). Time Perspective Therapy: A New Time-Based Metaphor Therapy for PTSD. Journal of Loss and Trauma: International Perspectives on Stress & Coping, DOI:10.1080/15325024.2013.763632.
Trommsdorff, G. (1983). Future orientation and socialization. International Journal of Psychology, 18, 381-406.
Watson, D., Suls, J., & Haig, J. (2002). Global self-esteem in relation to structural models of personality and affectivity. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 83, 185-197.
Worrell, F. C., Mello, Z. R., & Buhl, M. (2012). Introducing English and German versions of the Adolescent Time Attitude Scale (ATAS). Assessment. Advance online publication. DOI:10.1177/1073191110396202.
Zimbardo, P. G., & Boyd, J. N. (1999). Putting time in perspective: A valid, reliable individual differences metric. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 77, 1271-1288.
Zimbardo, P. G., & Boyd, J. N. (2008). The Time Paradox: Using the New Psychology of Time to Your Advantage. London: Rider.
Zimbardo, P. G., Keough, K. A., & Boyd, J. N. (1997). Present time perspective as a predictor of risky driving. Personality and Individual Differences, 23, 1007-1023.
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2013-12-01
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Ortuno, V., & Echeverria, A. (2013). Time Perspective and Self-Esteem: Negative Temporality Affects the Way We Judge Ourselves. Annales Universitatis Paedagogicae Cracoviensis Studia Psychologica, 6(1), 109–125. Retrieved from https://studia-psychologica.uken.krakow.pl/article/view/5593
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