Changes in Time Perspectives Resulting from Psychotherapy
Keywords:
Time Perspective Scale, memory therapy, hikikomori, competenceAbstract
Constructed for clinical use and based on the concept of the feedback and feedforwardsystems in “cybernetic-psychology,” the Time Perspective Scale (TPS) was administered tothree clients in order to assess the effects of psychotherapy. Two clients were withdrawn,suffering from a condition known as hikikomori in Japan; the other client was diagnosedwith PTSD after suffering a major personal loss as a result of the Eastern Japan earthquakeand tsunami in 2011. The TPS was administered at pre-, mid-, and post-interventions. Inaddition, the Hildreth Feeling-Attitude Scale (F-A Scale) and the Kumamoto UniversityCompetence Scale (KUCS) were also administered to compare the results of the TPS. Resultsfrom the TPS indicated that at the end of the intervention, clients’ thoughts were positivelyfocused on the present and the future. In comparison to their negative thoughts concerningthe present and the future during the pre-intervention period, two clients displayed positivefeedback regarding the past, and all clients displayed positive thoughts about the present aswell as positive feedforward thoughts for the future. Similar to the TPS, the F-A Scale andthe KUCS indicated that the clients had more positive and more constructive cognitions afterthe intervention. Therefore, the TPS is a useful questionnaire for assessing the therapeuticefficacy of the time perspective.References
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Katsumata, T. (2000). Time perspective scale (TPS). Unpublished manual.
Katsumata, T. (2005). Konpitansu Shinrigaku [Competence Psychology]. Tokyo: Baifukan.
Katsumata, T. (2007). Application of concept of time perspective to psychotherapy. Komazawa Annual Reports of Psychology, 9, 43-48.
Katsumata, T., & Shinohara, H. (2000). Development and validation of KU Competence Scale: Elementary school children. The Memoirs of the Faculty of Education, Kumamoto University, 49, 109-119.
Lens, W., & Moreas, A. (1994). Future time perspective: An individual and a societal approach. In Z. Zaleski (Ed.), Psychology of Future Orientation. Lublin: Towarzystwo Naukowe KUL.
Lorayne, H., & Rucus, J. (1974). The Memory Book. New York: Ballantine Books.
Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare, Japan (2012). Hikikomori kanren sesaku [Policyrelated to hikikomori].
Toyoshima, Y. (1993). Psycho-cybernetics. (In Japanese). Kyoto: Nakanishiya.
Zimbardo, P. G., & Boyd, J. (1999). Putting time in perspective: A valid, reliable individualdifference metric. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 77, 1271-1288.
Grubb, H. (2013). Japan: The Missing Million.. Retrieved from http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/programmes/correspondent/2334893.stm.
Hattori, Y. (2013). Hikikomori and Japan. Retrieved from http://hikikomorijapan.com/jp/.
Hildreth, H. M. (1946). A battery of feeling and attitude scales for clinical use. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 2, 214-221.
Ivey, A., Ivey, M., & Zalaquett, C. (2010). International interviewing and counseling: Facilitating client development in a multicultural society. Belmont: Cengage Learning.
Katsumata, T. (1973). Studies of Time Perspective Test (1) - The design of TPT. The Memoirs of the Faculty of Education, Kumamoto University, 22, 155-162.
Katsumata, T. (1990). The analysis of the time perspective test protocol in an attempted suicide. The Memoirs of the Faculty of Education, Kumamoto University, 39, 319-340.
Katsumata, T. (1993). Therapeutic hypothesis on memory therapy. The Memoirs of the Faculty of Education, Kumamoto University, 42, 279-283.
Katsumata, T. (1994). Procedures of memory therapy. The Memoirs of the Faculty of Education, Kumamoto University, 43, 247-265.
Katsumata, T. (1995a). Concept and structure of time perspective. The Memoirs of the Faculty of Education, Kumamoto University, 44, the Humanities, 307-318.
Katsumata, T. (1995b). Mnemonic strategies and materials in memory therapy: A method of producing memory materials by the link system. The Memoirs of the Faculty of Education, Kumamoto University, 44, 319-332.
Katsumata, T. (2000). Time perspective scale (TPS). Unpublished manual.
Katsumata, T. (2005). Konpitansu Shinrigaku [Competence Psychology]. Tokyo: Baifukan.
Katsumata, T. (2007). Application of concept of time perspective to psychotherapy. Komazawa Annual Reports of Psychology, 9, 43-48.
Katsumata, T., & Shinohara, H. (2000). Development and validation of KU Competence Scale: Elementary school children. The Memoirs of the Faculty of Education, Kumamoto University, 49, 109-119.
Lens, W., & Moreas, A. (1994). Future time perspective: An individual and a societal approach. In Z. Zaleski (Ed.), Psychology of Future Orientation. Lublin: Towarzystwo Naukowe KUL.
Lorayne, H., & Rucus, J. (1974). The Memory Book. New York: Ballantine Books.
Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare, Japan (2012). Hikikomori kanren sesaku [Policyrelated to hikikomori].
Toyoshima, Y. (1993). Psycho-cybernetics. (In Japanese). Kyoto: Nakanishiya.
Zimbardo, P. G., & Boyd, J. (1999). Putting time in perspective: A valid, reliable individualdifference metric. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 77, 1271-1288.
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Published
2013-12-01
How to Cite
Sakuma, S., Gyawaii, B., Kimura, T., Nishikawa, C. ., Watanabe, J., & Katsumata, T. (2013). Changes in Time Perspectives Resulting from Psychotherapy. Annales Universitatis Paedagogicae Cracoviensis Studia Psychologica, 6(1), 166–179. Retrieved from https://studia-psychologica.uken.krakow.pl/article/view/5597
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