Formal and Subjective Features and Diverse Cognitive Maps of Urban Areas
Keywords:
cognitive maps, legibility, field dependence-independence, FDI, EFT, urbanized spacesAbstract
The subject of the paper is the analysis of relationships between the differentiation in the image of cognitive maps of urban spaces and factors related to the formal characteristics of the environment, as well as personal traits. Elements marked on sketch drawings of different types of urban spaces were analysed for differences in the level of detail. The SEM structural method was used and an empirical path model was used to present relationships between factors. Taking into account the categories that were used to analyse the acquired sketch maps, we can determine that sex, place of origin, as well as cognitive style all differentiate the character of sketch maps of different types of areas. Cognitive map images of people with the field-independent style and not originating from rural areas, were significantly more detailed for most types of objects appearing on them. The results obtained may be used by researchers studying cognitive map constructs as well as by urban planners or architects.References
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Bagozzi, R. (2012). Specification, evaluation, and interpretation of structural equation models. Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science, 40, 8-34.
Bańka, A. (2002). Społeczna psychologia środowiskowa. Warszawa: Wydawnictwo Naukowe Scholar.
Bednarek, H. (2011). Czy piloci ulegają złudzeniom percepcyjnym? Poznawcze uwarunkowania dezorientacji przestrzennej. Sopot: GWP.
Bell, A.P., Greene, Th.C., Fisher, J.D., Baum, A. (2004). Psychologia środowiskowa. Gdańsk: Gdańskie Wydawnictwo Psychologiczne.
Blades, M. (1990). The reliability of data collected from sketch maps. Journal of Environmental Psychology, 10, 327-339.
Boccia, M., Piccardi, L., Palermo, L., Nemmi, F., Sulpizio, V. (2014). One’s own country and familiar places in the mind’s eye: Different topological representations for navigational and non-navigational contents. Neuroscience Letters, 579, 52-57.
Bonnes, M., Secchiaroli, G. (1995). Environmental Psychology: A Psycho-social Introduction. London: SAGE Publications.
Bors, D., Vigneau, F. (2011). Sex differences on the mental rotation test: An analysis of item types. Learning and Individual Differences, 21 (1), 129-132.
Buttenfield, B.P. (1986). Comparing distortion on sketch maps and mds configurations’. Professional Geographer, 38 (3), 238-246.
Carbon, C.C., Hesslinger, V.M. (2013). Attitudes and cognitive distances: On the non-unitary and flexible nature of cognitive maps. Advances in Cognitive Psychology, 9 (3), 121-129.
Chaney, D. (2010). Analyzing mental representations: The contribution of cognitive maps. Recherche et applications en marketing, 25 (2), 93-115.
Chmielewski, J.M. (2010). Teoria urbanistyki w projektowaniu i planowaniu miast. Warszawa: Oficyna Wydawnicza Politechniki Warszawskiej.
Evans, G.W., Marrero, D.G., Butler, P.A. (1981). Environmental learning and cognitive mapping. Environmental and Behaviour, 13, 83-104.
Everitt, J., Cadwallader, M. (1972). The home area concept in urban analysis. W: J. Mitchell (red.), Environmental design: Research and practice. Los Angeles: University of California Press.
Foo, P., Warren, W.H., Duchon, A., Tarr, M.J. (2005). Do humans integrate routes into a cognitive map? Map versus landmark-based navigation of novel shortcuts. Journal of Experimental Psychology. Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 31 (2), 195-215.
Francesato, D., Mebane, W. (1973). How citizens view two great cities: Milan and Rome. W: R. Downs, D. Stea (red.), Image and environment: Cognitive mapping and spatial behaviour (s. 182-220). London: Edward Arnold.
Gehl J. (2009). Życie między budynkami. Użytkowanie przestrzeni publicznych. Kraków: Wydawnictwo RAM.
Goodchild, B. (1974). Class differences in environmental perception. Urban Studies, 11, 157-169.
Hauziński, A. (1998). Znaczenie pojęcia mapy i metody jego operacjonalizacji w psychologii. Czasopismo Psychologiczne, 4 (3-4), 259-274.
Hauziński, A. (2003). Ewolucja pojęcia mapy poznawczej w psychologii. Przegląd badań dotyczących hierarchii planów i celów działania. Czasopismo Psychologiczne, 16(2), 275-288.
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Hospers, G.J. (2010). Lynch’s The image of the city after 50 years: City marketing lessons from an urban planning classic. European Planning Studies, 18, 2073-2081.
Huynh N.T.U., Hall G.B., Doherty S., Smith W.W. (2008). Interpreting urban space through cognitive map sketching and sequence analysis. The Canadian Geographer/ Le Géographe canadien, 52 (2), 222-240.
Kara, B. (2013). Landscape design and cognitive psychology. Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences, 82 (2001), 288-291.
Karan, P.P., Bladen, W.A., Singh, G. (1980). Slum dwellers’ and squatters’ images of the city. Environment and Behaviour, 12, 81-100.
Kimura, D. (2006). Płeć i poznanie. Warszawa: Państwowy Instytut Wydawniczy.
Kitchin, R.M. (1996). Methodological convergence in cognitive mapping research: Investigating configurational knowledge. Journal of Environmental Psychology, 16 (3), 163-185.
Korol J. (2005). Modele równań strukturalnych i sieci neuronowe w modelowaniu rozwoju zrównoważonego. Gorzów Wielkopolski: Akademickie Wydawnictwo Ekonomiczne.
Kowal, J., Gurba, A. (2016). Mobbing and burnout in emerging knowledge economies: An exploratory study in Poland. Proceedings of The IEEE. HICSS 2016 Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences Conference, CFP16XXX-USB (49), 4122-4131.
Kowal, J., Roztocki, N. (2015). Do organizational ethics improve IT job satisfaction in the Visegrád Group countries? In-sights from Poland. Journal of Global Information Technology Management, 18, 127-145.
Lewicka, M., Bańka, A. (2008). Psychologia środowiskowa. W: D. Doliński, J. Strelau (red.), Psychologia. Podręcznik akademicki (s. 497-544). Sopot: Gdańskie Wydawnictwo Naukowe.
Lose, S. (2015). Ku urbanologii. Wrocław: Unpubleashed.
Lynch, K. (1960). The image of the city. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
Moir, A., Jessel, D. (1989). Płeć mózgu. O prawdziwej różnicy między mężczyzną a kobietą, przeł. N. Kancewicz-Hoffman. Warszawa: Państwowy Instytut Wydawniczy.
Nosal, C.S. (1990). Psychologiczne modele umysłu. Warszawa: Państwowe Wydawnictwo Naukowe.
Nosal, C.S. (2008). Psychologia różnic indywidualnych. W: J. Strelau, D. Doliński (red.), Psychologia. Podręcznik akademicki. T. 1 (s. 765-846). Gdańsk: Gdańskie Wydawnictwo Psychologiczne.
Orleans, P., Schmidt, S. (1972). Mapping the city: Environmental cognition of urban residents. W: J. Mitchell (red.), Environmental design: Research and practice (s. 141-149). Los Angeles: University of California Press.
Pearl, J. (2000). Causality: Models, reasoning, and inference. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Pinheiro, J.Q. (1998). Determinants of cognitive maps of the world as expressed in sketch maps. Journal of Environmental Psychology, 18 (3), 321-339.
Polic, M., Repovs, G., Natek, K., Klemencic, M., Kos, D., Ule, Kucan, A. (2005). A cognitive map of Slovenia: Perceptions of the regions. International Journal of Psychology, 40 (1), 27-35.
Ramadier T., Moser G. (1998). Social legibility, the cognitive map and urban behaviour. Journal of Environmental Psychology, 18 (3), 307-319.
Schmeincka, D., Thurston, A. (2007). The influence of travel experiences and exposure to cartographic media on the ability of ten-year-old children to draw cognitive maps of the world. Scottish Geographical Journal, 123, 1-15.
Silverman, I., Choi, J., Peters, M. (2007). The hunter-gatherer theory of sex differences in spatial abilities: Data from 40 countries. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 36 (2), 261-268.
Stephan, P., Jäschke, J.P.M., Oberzaucher, E., Grammer, K. (2014). Sex differences and similarities in urban home ranges and in the accuracy of cognitive maps. Evolutionary Psychology, 3 (12), 814-826.
Straś-Romanowska, M., Kowal, J., Kapała, M. (2016). How to measure spiritual sensitivity at the it user’s workplace? The construction process and method of validation of spiritual sensitivity inventory (SSI). Ekonometria = Econometrics, 2 (52) (w druku).
Stryjewska, D., Janda-Dębek, B. (2013). Mental representations and cognitive maps in humans: A review of research and theory. Polish Journal of Applied Psychology, 11 (1), 83-106.
Taylor H.A., Tversky B. (1992). Spatial mental models derived from survey and route descriptions. Journal of Memory and Language, 31 (2), 261-292.
Tversky, B. (2008). Spatial cognition: Embodied and situated, W: P. Robbins, M. Aydede (red.), The Cambridge handbook of situated cognition (s. 2010-2216). New York: Cambridge University Press.
Waller, D., Montello, D.R., Richardson, A.E., Hegarty, M. (2002). Orientation specificity and spatial updating of memories for layouts. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 28, 1051.
Wejchert, K. (1984). Elementy kompozycji urbanistycznej. Warszawa: Arkady.
Witkin, H.A. (1968). Psychologiczne zróżnicowanie i formy patologii. Przegląd Psychologiczny, 16, 75-104.
Witkin, H.A., Oltman, P.K., Raskin, E., Karp, S.A. (1971). A manual for the Embedded Figures Tests. Palo Alto: Consulting Psychologist Press.
Bagozzi, R. (2012). Specification, evaluation, and interpretation of structural equation models. Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science, 40, 8-34.
Bańka, A. (2002). Społeczna psychologia środowiskowa. Warszawa: Wydawnictwo Naukowe Scholar.
Bednarek, H. (2011). Czy piloci ulegają złudzeniom percepcyjnym? Poznawcze uwarunkowania dezorientacji przestrzennej. Sopot: GWP.
Bell, A.P., Greene, Th.C., Fisher, J.D., Baum, A. (2004). Psychologia środowiskowa. Gdańsk: Gdańskie Wydawnictwo Psychologiczne.
Blades, M. (1990). The reliability of data collected from sketch maps. Journal of Environmental Psychology, 10, 327-339.
Boccia, M., Piccardi, L., Palermo, L., Nemmi, F., Sulpizio, V. (2014). One’s own country and familiar places in the mind’s eye: Different topological representations for navigational and non-navigational contents. Neuroscience Letters, 579, 52-57.
Bonnes, M., Secchiaroli, G. (1995). Environmental Psychology: A Psycho-social Introduction. London: SAGE Publications.
Bors, D., Vigneau, F. (2011). Sex differences on the mental rotation test: An analysis of item types. Learning and Individual Differences, 21 (1), 129-132.
Buttenfield, B.P. (1986). Comparing distortion on sketch maps and mds configurations’. Professional Geographer, 38 (3), 238-246.
Carbon, C.C., Hesslinger, V.M. (2013). Attitudes and cognitive distances: On the non-unitary and flexible nature of cognitive maps. Advances in Cognitive Psychology, 9 (3), 121-129.
Chaney, D. (2010). Analyzing mental representations: The contribution of cognitive maps. Recherche et applications en marketing, 25 (2), 93-115.
Chmielewski, J.M. (2010). Teoria urbanistyki w projektowaniu i planowaniu miast. Warszawa: Oficyna Wydawnicza Politechniki Warszawskiej.
Evans, G.W., Marrero, D.G., Butler, P.A. (1981). Environmental learning and cognitive mapping. Environmental and Behaviour, 13, 83-104.
Everitt, J., Cadwallader, M. (1972). The home area concept in urban analysis. W: J. Mitchell (red.), Environmental design: Research and practice. Los Angeles: University of California Press.
Foo, P., Warren, W.H., Duchon, A., Tarr, M.J. (2005). Do humans integrate routes into a cognitive map? Map versus landmark-based navigation of novel shortcuts. Journal of Experimental Psychology. Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 31 (2), 195-215.
Francesato, D., Mebane, W. (1973). How citizens view two great cities: Milan and Rome. W: R. Downs, D. Stea (red.), Image and environment: Cognitive mapping and spatial behaviour (s. 182-220). London: Edward Arnold.
Gehl J. (2009). Życie między budynkami. Użytkowanie przestrzeni publicznych. Kraków: Wydawnictwo RAM.
Goodchild, B. (1974). Class differences in environmental perception. Urban Studies, 11, 157-169.
Hauziński, A. (1998). Znaczenie pojęcia mapy i metody jego operacjonalizacji w psychologii. Czasopismo Psychologiczne, 4 (3-4), 259-274.
Hauziński, A. (2003). Ewolucja pojęcia mapy poznawczej w psychologii. Przegląd badań dotyczących hierarchii planów i celów działania. Czasopismo Psychologiczne, 16(2), 275-288.
Heft, H. (2013). Environment, cognition, and culture : Reconsidering the cognitive map. Journal of Environmental Psychology, 33, 14-25.
Hospers, G.J. (2010). Lynch’s The image of the city after 50 years: City marketing lessons from an urban planning classic. European Planning Studies, 18, 2073-2081.
Huynh N.T.U., Hall G.B., Doherty S., Smith W.W. (2008). Interpreting urban space through cognitive map sketching and sequence analysis. The Canadian Geographer/ Le Géographe canadien, 52 (2), 222-240.
Kara, B. (2013). Landscape design and cognitive psychology. Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences, 82 (2001), 288-291.
Karan, P.P., Bladen, W.A., Singh, G. (1980). Slum dwellers’ and squatters’ images of the city. Environment and Behaviour, 12, 81-100.
Kimura, D. (2006). Płeć i poznanie. Warszawa: Państwowy Instytut Wydawniczy.
Kitchin, R.M. (1996). Methodological convergence in cognitive mapping research: Investigating configurational knowledge. Journal of Environmental Psychology, 16 (3), 163-185.
Korol J. (2005). Modele równań strukturalnych i sieci neuronowe w modelowaniu rozwoju zrównoważonego. Gorzów Wielkopolski: Akademickie Wydawnictwo Ekonomiczne.
Kowal, J., Gurba, A. (2016). Mobbing and burnout in emerging knowledge economies: An exploratory study in Poland. Proceedings of The IEEE. HICSS 2016 Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences Conference, CFP16XXX-USB (49), 4122-4131.
Kowal, J., Roztocki, N. (2015). Do organizational ethics improve IT job satisfaction in the Visegrád Group countries? In-sights from Poland. Journal of Global Information Technology Management, 18, 127-145.
Lewicka, M., Bańka, A. (2008). Psychologia środowiskowa. W: D. Doliński, J. Strelau (red.), Psychologia. Podręcznik akademicki (s. 497-544). Sopot: Gdańskie Wydawnictwo Naukowe.
Lose, S. (2015). Ku urbanologii. Wrocław: Unpubleashed.
Lynch, K. (1960). The image of the city. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
Moir, A., Jessel, D. (1989). Płeć mózgu. O prawdziwej różnicy między mężczyzną a kobietą, przeł. N. Kancewicz-Hoffman. Warszawa: Państwowy Instytut Wydawniczy.
Nosal, C.S. (1990). Psychologiczne modele umysłu. Warszawa: Państwowe Wydawnictwo Naukowe.
Nosal, C.S. (2008). Psychologia różnic indywidualnych. W: J. Strelau, D. Doliński (red.), Psychologia. Podręcznik akademicki. T. 1 (s. 765-846). Gdańsk: Gdańskie Wydawnictwo Psychologiczne.
Orleans, P., Schmidt, S. (1972). Mapping the city: Environmental cognition of urban residents. W: J. Mitchell (red.), Environmental design: Research and practice (s. 141-149). Los Angeles: University of California Press.
Pearl, J. (2000). Causality: Models, reasoning, and inference. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Pinheiro, J.Q. (1998). Determinants of cognitive maps of the world as expressed in sketch maps. Journal of Environmental Psychology, 18 (3), 321-339.
Polic, M., Repovs, G., Natek, K., Klemencic, M., Kos, D., Ule, Kucan, A. (2005). A cognitive map of Slovenia: Perceptions of the regions. International Journal of Psychology, 40 (1), 27-35.
Ramadier T., Moser G. (1998). Social legibility, the cognitive map and urban behaviour. Journal of Environmental Psychology, 18 (3), 307-319.
Schmeincka, D., Thurston, A. (2007). The influence of travel experiences and exposure to cartographic media on the ability of ten-year-old children to draw cognitive maps of the world. Scottish Geographical Journal, 123, 1-15.
Silverman, I., Choi, J., Peters, M. (2007). The hunter-gatherer theory of sex differences in spatial abilities: Data from 40 countries. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 36 (2), 261-268.
Stephan, P., Jäschke, J.P.M., Oberzaucher, E., Grammer, K. (2014). Sex differences and similarities in urban home ranges and in the accuracy of cognitive maps. Evolutionary Psychology, 3 (12), 814-826.
Straś-Romanowska, M., Kowal, J., Kapała, M. (2016). How to measure spiritual sensitivity at the it user’s workplace? The construction process and method of validation of spiritual sensitivity inventory (SSI). Ekonometria = Econometrics, 2 (52) (w druku).
Stryjewska, D., Janda-Dębek, B. (2013). Mental representations and cognitive maps in humans: A review of research and theory. Polish Journal of Applied Psychology, 11 (1), 83-106.
Taylor H.A., Tversky B. (1992). Spatial mental models derived from survey and route descriptions. Journal of Memory and Language, 31 (2), 261-292.
Tversky, B. (2008). Spatial cognition: Embodied and situated, W: P. Robbins, M. Aydede (red.), The Cambridge handbook of situated cognition (s. 2010-2216). New York: Cambridge University Press.
Waller, D., Montello, D.R., Richardson, A.E., Hegarty, M. (2002). Orientation specificity and spatial updating of memories for layouts. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 28, 1051.
Wejchert, K. (1984). Elementy kompozycji urbanistycznej. Warszawa: Arkady.
Witkin, H.A. (1968). Psychologiczne zróżnicowanie i formy patologii. Przegląd Psychologiczny, 16, 75-104.
Witkin, H.A., Oltman, P.K., Raskin, E., Karp, S.A. (1971). A manual for the Embedded Figures Tests. Palo Alto: Consulting Psychologist Press.
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Published
2016-12-01
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Stryjewska, D., & Janda-Dębek, B. (2016). Formal and Subjective Features and Diverse Cognitive Maps of Urban Areas. Annales Universitatis Paedagogicae Cracoviensis Studia Psychologica, 9(1), 226–248. Retrieved from https://studia-psychologica.uken.krakow.pl/article/view/5634
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