An Examination of the Link between Perceptions of Parental Typology and Behaviour in a Sample of Deaf/Hard of Hearing and Hearing Adolescents
Keywords:
adolescence, parental typology, hearing difficulties, behaviourAbstract
The present study examines differences in the perceptions of parental typology and behaviour between deaf/hard of hearing (d/hh) and hearing adolescents. The participants were 131 adolescents, 101 hearing and 30 d/hh. The participating adolescents responded to the Greek version of the following questionnaires: (a) the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire - SDQ (Goodman, 1997; Bibou-Nakou, Stogiannidou, Kioseoglou & Papageorgiou, 2002) and (b) the Parenting Styles and Dimensions Questionnaire-PSDQ (Antonopoulou & Tsitsas, 2011; Maridaki-Kassotaki, 2009; Robinson, Mandleco, Olsen & Hart, 2001). The results have shown that there are differences in perceptions of parental typology and behaviour between d/hh adolescents and their hearing peers. Specifically, it was found that hearing adolescents perceive their fathers as being more authoritarian and strict than d/hh adolescents do, and that d/hh adolescents have more difficulties in their peer relationships than their hearing counterparts. The results have revealed significant negative correlations between perceptions of authoritative parents and behavioural difficulties in both d/hh and hearing adolescents. Moreover, adolescents’ perceptions of their fathers’ and mothers’ authoritative parental typology were found to be a good predictor of adolescents’ prosocial behaviour, whereas perceptions of the strict father and mother were found to predict hyperactivity and conduct problems. The psycho-educational implications of the present findings are discussed.References
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Antonopoulou, K., Alexopoulos, A. D. & Maridaki-Kassotaki, K. (2012a). Perceptions of father parenting style, empathy and self-esteem among Greek preadolescents. Marriage & Family Review, 48(3), 293-309.
Antonopoulou, K., Hadjikakou, K., Stampoltzis, A. & Nicolaou, N. (2012b). Parenting styles of mothers with deaf or hard-of-hearing children and hearing siblings. Journal of Deaf Studies and Deaf Education, 17(3), 306-318.
Antonopoulou, K. & Tsitsas, G. (2011). An investigation of parental typology of Greek mother: standardization of the “Parenting Styles & Dimensions Questionnaire-PSDQ”. Epistimes Agogis, 2, 51-60. [in Greek]
Amato, P. R. & Fowler, F. (2002). Parenting practices, child adjustment, and family diversity. Journal of Marriage and the Family, 64, 703-716.
Bat-Chava, Y. & Deignan, E. (2001). Peer relationships of children with cochlear implants. Journal of Deaf Studies and Deaf Education, 6, 186-199.
Bat-Chava, Y., Martin, D. & Kosciw, J. G. (2005). Longitudinal improvements in communication and socialization of deaf children with cochlear implants and hearing aids: evidence from parental reports. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 46, 1287-1296.
Baumrind, D. (1971). Current patterns of parental authority. Developmental Psychology Monograph, 4(1, part 2), 1-103.
Baumrind, D. (1989). Rearing competent children. W: W. Damon (red.), Child development today and tomorrow (p. 349-378). San Francisco: Jossey - Bass.
Baumrind, D. (1991). Parenting styles and adolescent development. W: J. Brooks-Gunn, R. Lerner & A. C. Peterson (red.), The encyclopedia of adolescence (p. 746-758), New York: Garland.
Bibou-Nakou, I., Stogiannidou, A., Kioseoglou, G. & Papageorgiou, B. (2002). Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire. W: A. Stalikas, S. Triliva & P. Roussi (red.) Psychometric instruments in Greece (p. 411-413). Athens: Ellinika Grammata. [in Greek]
Brunnberg, E., Lindén Boström, M. & Berglund, M. (2007). Self-rated health, school adjustment and substance use in hard-of-hearing adolescents with multiple disabilities. Journal of Deaf Studies and Deaf Education, 13(3), 324-335.
Calderon, R., Bargones, J. & Sidman, S. (1998). Characteristics of hearing families and their young deaf and hard of hearing children: Early intervention follow-up. American Annals of the Deaf, 143(4), 347-362.
Calderon, R. & Greenberg, M. T. (1999) Stress and coping in hearing mothers of children with hearing loss. American Annals of the Deaf, 144, 7-18.
Chao, R. K. (2001). Extending research on the consequences of parenting style for Chinese Americans and European Americans. Child Development, 72, 1832-1843.
Darling, N. & Steinberg, L. (1993). Parenting style as context: An integrative model. Psychological Bulletin, 113(3), 487-496.
Goodman, R. (1997). The Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire: A Research Note. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 38, 581-586.
Goring, M. B. (2001). No two alike: Siblings in the family with hearing loss. Volta Voices, 8, 13-15.
Gregory, S. (1976). The deaf child and his family. New York, NY: Halsted Press.
Hadjikakou, K. & Nikolaraizi, M. (2008). The communication experiences of adult deaf people within their family during childhood in Cyprus. Deafness and Education International, 10(2), 60-79.
Hakoama, M. & Ready, B. S. (2011). Fathering quality, father-child relationship, and child’s developmental outcomes. American Association of Behavioral and Social Sciences Journal, 15. http://aabss.org/Journal2011/09HakoamaFinalFatherQuality.pdf
Haualand, H., Gronningsater, A. & Hansen, I. L. S. (2003). Uniting divided worlds: A study of deaf and hard of hearing youth. Oslo: Fafo.
Hintermair, M. (2004). The sense of coherence - A relevant resource in the coping process of mothers with hearing impaired children? Journal of Deaf Studies and Deaf Education, 9, 15-26.
Hintermair, M. (2006). Parental resources, parental stress, and socioemotional development of deaf and hard of hearing children. Journal of Deaf Studies and Deaf Education, 11, 493- 513.
Knutson, J. F., Johnson, C. R. & Sullivan, P. M. (2004). Disciplinary choices of mothers of deaf children and mothers of normally hearing children. Child Abuse & Neglect, 28(9), 925- 937. DOI:10.1016/j.chiabu.2004.04.005.
Lamm, B. & Keller, H. (2007). Understanding cultural models of parenting. The role of intracultural variation and response style. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 38, 50-57.
Leigh, I. W., Maxwell-McCaw, D., Bat-Chava, Y. & Christiansen, J. B. (2009). Correlates of Psychosocial Adjustment in Deaf Adolescents with and without Cochlear Implants: A Preliminary Investigation. Journal of Deaf Studies and Deaf Education, 14(2), 244-259.
Maccoby, E. E. & Martin, J. A. (1983). Socialization in the context of the family: parent-child interaction. W: E. M. Hetherington (red.), Handbook of Child Psychology. vol. 4: Personality and Social Development (p. 1-110). New York: Wiley.
Maridaki-Kassotaki, A. (2009). Greek father’s parental typology according to child rearing practice: Adaptation and standardization of the “Parenting Styles and Dimensions Questionnaire (PSDQ)”. Epistimes Agogis, 4, 23-33. [in Greek]
Mapp, I. & Hudson, R. (1997). Stress and coping among African American and Hispanic parents of deaf children. American Annals of the Deaf, 142, 48-56.
Meadow-Orlans, K. P. (1990). The impact of a child’s hearing loss on the family. W: D. F. Moores& K. P. Meadow-Orlans (red.), Educational and developmental aspects of deafness(p. 321-328). Washington, DC: Gallaudet University Press.
Meadow-Orlans, K. P., Spencer, P. E. & Koester, L. S. (2004). The world of deaf infants. A longitudinal study. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Morgan-Redshaw, M., Wilgosh, L. & Bibby, M. A. (1990). The parental experiences of mothers of adolescents with hearing impairments. American Annals of the Deaf, 135, 293-298.
Most, T. (2007). Speech intelligibility, loneliness, and sense of coherence among deaf and hard-of-hearing children in individual inclusion and group inclusion. Journal of Deaf Studies and Deaf Education, 12(4), 495-503.
Most, T., Ingber, S. & Heled-Ariam, E. (2011). Social competence, sense of loneliness, and speech intelligibility of young children with hearing loss in individual inclusion and group inclusion. Journal of Deaf Studies and Deaf Education, 17(2), 259-272.
Pipp-Siegel, S., Sedey, A. L. & Yoshinaga-Itano, C. (2002). Predictors of parental stress in mothers of young children with hearing loss. Journal of Deaf Studies and Deaf Education, 7, 1-17.
Querido, J. G., Warner T. D. & Eyberg, S. M. (2002). Parenting styles and child behavior in African-American families of preschool children. Journal of Clinical Child & Adolescent Psychology, 31, 272-277.
Quittner, A. L., Glueckauf, R. L. & Jackson, D. N. (1990). Chronic parenting stress: Moderating versus mediating effects of social support. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 59, 1266-1278.
Roberts, S. B. & Rickards, F. W. (1994). A survey of graduates of an Australian integrated auditory/oral preschool. Part II: Academic achievement, utilization of support services and friendship patterns. The Volta Review, 96, 207-236.
Robinson, C. C., Mandleco, B., Olsen, S. F. & Hart, C. H. (2001). The Parenting Styles and Dimensions Questionnaire (PSDQ). W: B. F. Permultter, J. Touliatos & G. W. Holden (red.), Handbook of family measurement techniques: vol. 3 Instruments and index (p. 319-321). Thousand Oaks, Sage.
Sahli, S. (2011). Investigating child raising attitudes of fathers having or not having a child with hearing loss. International Journal of Pediatric Otorhinolaryngology, 75, 681-685.
Spahn, C., Richter, B., Zschocke, I., Löhle, E. & Wirsching, M. (2001). The need for psychosocial support in parents with cochlear implant children. International Journal of Pediatric Otorhinolaryngology, 57, 45-53.
Steinberg, L., Mounts, N. S., Lamborn, S. D. & Dornbusch, S. M. (1991). Authoritative parenting and adolescent adjustment across various ecological niches. Journal of Research on Adolescence, 1, 19-36.
Sullivan, P. M., Brookhouser, P. E., Scalan, J. M., Knutson, J. F. & Schulte, L. E. (1991). Patterns of physical and sexual abuse of communicatively handicapped children. Annals of Otology, Rhinology, and Laryngology, 100, 188-194.
Swick, K. (2005). Promoting caring in children and families as prevention of violence strategy. Early Childhood Education Journal, 32(5), 341-346.
Theunissen, S. C., Rieffe, C., Kouwenberg, M., Soede, W., Briaire, J. J. & Frijns, J. H. (2011). Depression in hearing-impaired children. International Journal of Pediatric Otorhinolaryngology, 75(10), 1313-1317.
Vaccari, C. & Marschark, M. (1997). Communication between parents and deaf children: Implications for social-emotional development. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry and Allied Disciplines, 38, 793-801.
Verdugo, M. A., Bermejo, B. G. & Fuertes, J. (1995). The maltreatment of intellectually handicapped children and adolescents. Child Abuse & Neglect, 19(2), 205-215.
Wallis, D., Musselman, C. & MacKay, S. (2004). Hearing mothers and their deaf children: The relationship between early, ongoing mode match and subsequent mental health functioning in adolescence. Journal of Deaf Studies and Deaf Education, 9(1), 2-14.
Wolters, N., Knoors, H. E. T., Cillessen, A. H. N. & Verhoeven, L. (2011). Predicting acceptance and popularity in early adolescence as a function of hearing status, gender, and educational setting. Research in Developmental Disabilities, 32, 2553-2565.
Zahn-Waxler, C. & Radke-Yarrow, M. (1990). The Origins of Empathic Concern. Motivation and Emotion, 2, 107-130.
Antonopoulou, K., Alexopoulos, A. D. & Maridaki-Kassotaki, K. (2012a). Perceptions of father parenting style, empathy and self-esteem among Greek preadolescents. Marriage & Family Review, 48(3), 293-309.
Antonopoulou, K., Hadjikakou, K., Stampoltzis, A. & Nicolaou, N. (2012b). Parenting styles of mothers with deaf or hard-of-hearing children and hearing siblings. Journal of Deaf Studies and Deaf Education, 17(3), 306-318.
Antonopoulou, K. & Tsitsas, G. (2011). An investigation of parental typology of Greek mother: standardization of the “Parenting Styles & Dimensions Questionnaire-PSDQ”. Epistimes Agogis, 2, 51-60. [in Greek]
Amato, P. R. & Fowler, F. (2002). Parenting practices, child adjustment, and family diversity. Journal of Marriage and the Family, 64, 703-716.
Bat-Chava, Y. & Deignan, E. (2001). Peer relationships of children with cochlear implants. Journal of Deaf Studies and Deaf Education, 6, 186-199.
Bat-Chava, Y., Martin, D. & Kosciw, J. G. (2005). Longitudinal improvements in communication and socialization of deaf children with cochlear implants and hearing aids: evidence from parental reports. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 46, 1287-1296.
Baumrind, D. (1971). Current patterns of parental authority. Developmental Psychology Monograph, 4(1, part 2), 1-103.
Baumrind, D. (1989). Rearing competent children. W: W. Damon (red.), Child development today and tomorrow (p. 349-378). San Francisco: Jossey - Bass.
Baumrind, D. (1991). Parenting styles and adolescent development. W: J. Brooks-Gunn, R. Lerner & A. C. Peterson (red.), The encyclopedia of adolescence (p. 746-758), New York: Garland.
Bibou-Nakou, I., Stogiannidou, A., Kioseoglou, G. & Papageorgiou, B. (2002). Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire. W: A. Stalikas, S. Triliva & P. Roussi (red.) Psychometric instruments in Greece (p. 411-413). Athens: Ellinika Grammata. [in Greek]
Brunnberg, E., Lindén Boström, M. & Berglund, M. (2007). Self-rated health, school adjustment and substance use in hard-of-hearing adolescents with multiple disabilities. Journal of Deaf Studies and Deaf Education, 13(3), 324-335.
Calderon, R., Bargones, J. & Sidman, S. (1998). Characteristics of hearing families and their young deaf and hard of hearing children: Early intervention follow-up. American Annals of the Deaf, 143(4), 347-362.
Calderon, R. & Greenberg, M. T. (1999) Stress and coping in hearing mothers of children with hearing loss. American Annals of the Deaf, 144, 7-18.
Chao, R. K. (2001). Extending research on the consequences of parenting style for Chinese Americans and European Americans. Child Development, 72, 1832-1843.
Darling, N. & Steinberg, L. (1993). Parenting style as context: An integrative model. Psychological Bulletin, 113(3), 487-496.
Goodman, R. (1997). The Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire: A Research Note. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 38, 581-586.
Goring, M. B. (2001). No two alike: Siblings in the family with hearing loss. Volta Voices, 8, 13-15.
Gregory, S. (1976). The deaf child and his family. New York, NY: Halsted Press.
Hadjikakou, K. & Nikolaraizi, M. (2008). The communication experiences of adult deaf people within their family during childhood in Cyprus. Deafness and Education International, 10(2), 60-79.
Hakoama, M. & Ready, B. S. (2011). Fathering quality, father-child relationship, and child’s developmental outcomes. American Association of Behavioral and Social Sciences Journal, 15. http://aabss.org/Journal2011/09HakoamaFinalFatherQuality.pdf
Haualand, H., Gronningsater, A. & Hansen, I. L. S. (2003). Uniting divided worlds: A study of deaf and hard of hearing youth. Oslo: Fafo.
Hintermair, M. (2004). The sense of coherence - A relevant resource in the coping process of mothers with hearing impaired children? Journal of Deaf Studies and Deaf Education, 9, 15-26.
Hintermair, M. (2006). Parental resources, parental stress, and socioemotional development of deaf and hard of hearing children. Journal of Deaf Studies and Deaf Education, 11, 493- 513.
Knutson, J. F., Johnson, C. R. & Sullivan, P. M. (2004). Disciplinary choices of mothers of deaf children and mothers of normally hearing children. Child Abuse & Neglect, 28(9), 925- 937. DOI:10.1016/j.chiabu.2004.04.005.
Lamm, B. & Keller, H. (2007). Understanding cultural models of parenting. The role of intracultural variation and response style. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 38, 50-57.
Leigh, I. W., Maxwell-McCaw, D., Bat-Chava, Y. & Christiansen, J. B. (2009). Correlates of Psychosocial Adjustment in Deaf Adolescents with and without Cochlear Implants: A Preliminary Investigation. Journal of Deaf Studies and Deaf Education, 14(2), 244-259.
Maccoby, E. E. & Martin, J. A. (1983). Socialization in the context of the family: parent-child interaction. W: E. M. Hetherington (red.), Handbook of Child Psychology. vol. 4: Personality and Social Development (p. 1-110). New York: Wiley.
Maridaki-Kassotaki, A. (2009). Greek father’s parental typology according to child rearing practice: Adaptation and standardization of the “Parenting Styles and Dimensions Questionnaire (PSDQ)”. Epistimes Agogis, 4, 23-33. [in Greek]
Mapp, I. & Hudson, R. (1997). Stress and coping among African American and Hispanic parents of deaf children. American Annals of the Deaf, 142, 48-56.
Meadow-Orlans, K. P. (1990). The impact of a child’s hearing loss on the family. W: D. F. Moores& K. P. Meadow-Orlans (red.), Educational and developmental aspects of deafness(p. 321-328). Washington, DC: Gallaudet University Press.
Meadow-Orlans, K. P., Spencer, P. E. & Koester, L. S. (2004). The world of deaf infants. A longitudinal study. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Morgan-Redshaw, M., Wilgosh, L. & Bibby, M. A. (1990). The parental experiences of mothers of adolescents with hearing impairments. American Annals of the Deaf, 135, 293-298.
Most, T. (2007). Speech intelligibility, loneliness, and sense of coherence among deaf and hard-of-hearing children in individual inclusion and group inclusion. Journal of Deaf Studies and Deaf Education, 12(4), 495-503.
Most, T., Ingber, S. & Heled-Ariam, E. (2011). Social competence, sense of loneliness, and speech intelligibility of young children with hearing loss in individual inclusion and group inclusion. Journal of Deaf Studies and Deaf Education, 17(2), 259-272.
Pipp-Siegel, S., Sedey, A. L. & Yoshinaga-Itano, C. (2002). Predictors of parental stress in mothers of young children with hearing loss. Journal of Deaf Studies and Deaf Education, 7, 1-17.
Querido, J. G., Warner T. D. & Eyberg, S. M. (2002). Parenting styles and child behavior in African-American families of preschool children. Journal of Clinical Child & Adolescent Psychology, 31, 272-277.
Quittner, A. L., Glueckauf, R. L. & Jackson, D. N. (1990). Chronic parenting stress: Moderating versus mediating effects of social support. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 59, 1266-1278.
Roberts, S. B. & Rickards, F. W. (1994). A survey of graduates of an Australian integrated auditory/oral preschool. Part II: Academic achievement, utilization of support services and friendship patterns. The Volta Review, 96, 207-236.
Robinson, C. C., Mandleco, B., Olsen, S. F. & Hart, C. H. (2001). The Parenting Styles and Dimensions Questionnaire (PSDQ). W: B. F. Permultter, J. Touliatos & G. W. Holden (red.), Handbook of family measurement techniques: vol. 3 Instruments and index (p. 319-321). Thousand Oaks, Sage.
Sahli, S. (2011). Investigating child raising attitudes of fathers having or not having a child with hearing loss. International Journal of Pediatric Otorhinolaryngology, 75, 681-685.
Spahn, C., Richter, B., Zschocke, I., Löhle, E. & Wirsching, M. (2001). The need for psychosocial support in parents with cochlear implant children. International Journal of Pediatric Otorhinolaryngology, 57, 45-53.
Steinberg, L., Mounts, N. S., Lamborn, S. D. & Dornbusch, S. M. (1991). Authoritative parenting and adolescent adjustment across various ecological niches. Journal of Research on Adolescence, 1, 19-36.
Sullivan, P. M., Brookhouser, P. E., Scalan, J. M., Knutson, J. F. & Schulte, L. E. (1991). Patterns of physical and sexual abuse of communicatively handicapped children. Annals of Otology, Rhinology, and Laryngology, 100, 188-194.
Swick, K. (2005). Promoting caring in children and families as prevention of violence strategy. Early Childhood Education Journal, 32(5), 341-346.
Theunissen, S. C., Rieffe, C., Kouwenberg, M., Soede, W., Briaire, J. J. & Frijns, J. H. (2011). Depression in hearing-impaired children. International Journal of Pediatric Otorhinolaryngology, 75(10), 1313-1317.
Vaccari, C. & Marschark, M. (1997). Communication between parents and deaf children: Implications for social-emotional development. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry and Allied Disciplines, 38, 793-801.
Verdugo, M. A., Bermejo, B. G. & Fuertes, J. (1995). The maltreatment of intellectually handicapped children and adolescents. Child Abuse & Neglect, 19(2), 205-215.
Wallis, D., Musselman, C. & MacKay, S. (2004). Hearing mothers and their deaf children: The relationship between early, ongoing mode match and subsequent mental health functioning in adolescence. Journal of Deaf Studies and Deaf Education, 9(1), 2-14.
Wolters, N., Knoors, H. E. T., Cillessen, A. H. N. & Verhoeven, L. (2011). Predicting acceptance and popularity in early adolescence as a function of hearing status, gender, and educational setting. Research in Developmental Disabilities, 32, 2553-2565.
Zahn-Waxler, C. & Radke-Yarrow, M. (1990). The Origins of Empathic Concern. Motivation and Emotion, 2, 107-130.
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2015-12-01
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Antonopoulou, K. ., Hadjikakou, K., Dagla, X. ., & Maridaki-Kassotaki, K. . (2015). An Examination of the Link between Perceptions of Parental Typology and Behaviour in a Sample of Deaf/Hard of Hearing and Hearing Adolescents. Annales Universitatis Paedagogicae Cracoviensis Studia Psychologica, 8(1), 133–147. Retrieved from https://studia-psychologica.uken.krakow.pl/article/view/5617
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