Remembering False Memories: on the Occurrence of the Memory Transfer Effect in View of Confidence Judgments
Keywords:
memory, semantic, episodic, false memories, DRM paradigm, feeling of remembering, remember judgement, confidence judgementsAbstract
The main aim of the presented studies was to verify whether false semantic memories are transferred into episodic memory. It is assumed that recollecting memories, both true and false, is connected with an increasing level of activation in a very specific part of the memory network. Recounted mechanisms decline commonly within the semantic memory magazine. It was crucial to (1) investigate if a similar effect appears regarding false episodic memories and (2) if the laboratory-created false memories behave similarly to true memories and not like random mistakes. The hypothesis was supported using the “DRM - list of words related paradigm” and the “remember-know judgment” procedure. The study was performed on 61 students of the Jagiellonian University. More participants reported remembering both: true and false memories (contrary to unrelated mistakes). Moreover, the medium level of properly recollected words (57%) was approximate to the medium level of false memories (52%). Such results showed that the effect of memory transfer between semantic and episodic memory magazines occurred, and that the laboratory-evoked false memories engage in “the feeling of remembering” events that never occurred.References
Alberts, J. W. (2010). Inhibitory Control as a Mediator of Individual Differences in Rates of False Memories in Children and Adults. Niepublikowana praca doktorska. Nowa Zelandia: University of Canterbury.
Aronson, E. i Tavris, C. (2014). Błądzą wszyscy (ale nie ja). Dlaczego usprawiedliwiamy głupie poglądy, złe decyzje i szkodliwe działania? Sopot: Smak Słowa.
Atkins, A. S. i Reuter-Lorenz, P. A. (2008). False Working Memories? Semantic Distortion in a Mere 4 Seconds. Memory & Cognition, 36, 74-81.
Bixter, M. i Daniel, F. (2013). Working memory differences in illusory recollection of critical lures. Memory & Cognition, 41, 716-725.
Brewer, W. F. (1986). What is autobiographical memory? W: D. C. Rubin (red.), Autobiographical memory (s. 25-49). New York: Cambridge University Press.
Collins, A. M. i Loftus, E., F. (1975). A spreading-activation theory of semantic processing. Psychological Review, 82(6), 407-428.
Collins, A. M. i Quillian, M. R. (1969). Retrieval time from semantic memory. Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior, 240-247.
Deese, J. (1959). On the predictions of occurrence of particular verbal intrusions in immediate recall. Journal of Experimental Psychology, 58(1), 17-22.
Dehon, H. (2012). Illusory recollection: The compelling subjective remembrance of things that never happened. Insights from the DRM paradigm. Psychologica Belgica, 52, 121-149.
Gallo, D. A. (2006). Associate Illusions of Memory: Research on False Memory for Related Events. Associative Illusions of Memory False Memory Research in DRM and Related Tasks. New York: Psychology Press
Gallo, D. A. (2013). Retrieval Expectations Affect False Recollection: Insights From a Criterial Recollection Task. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 22, 316-323.
Gardiner, J. M. i Java, R. I. (1991). Forgetting in recognition memory with and without recollective experience. Memory & Cognition, 19, 617-623.
Garoff-Eaton, R. J., Slotnick, S. D. i Schacter, D. L. (2005). Not All False Memories Are Created Equal: The Neural Basis of False Recognition. Cerebral Cortex, 1-8.
Jagodzińska, M. (2001). Psychologia pamięci. Warszawa: Helion.
Johansson, M. i Stenberg, G. (2002). Inducting and reducting false memories: A Swedish Version of the Deese-Roediger-McDermott paradigm. Scandinavian Journal of Psychology, 43, 369-383.
Johnson, M. K., Hashtroudi, S., Lindsay, D. S. (1993). Source monitoring. Psychological Bulletin, 114, 3-28.
Loftus, E. F. (2003). Our changeable memories: legal and practical implications. Nature, 4, 231-234.
Loftus, E. F. (2005). Planting misinformation in the human mind: A 30-year investigation of the malleability of memory. Learning and Memory, 12, 361-366.
Lorch, R. E. (1982). Priming and search processes in semantic memory: a test of three models of spreading activation. Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior, 21, 468-492.
Maciaszek, P. (2013). Fałszywe wspomnienia: jak to się dzieje, że umysł pamięta coś, czego nie było? Przegląd Filozoficzny - Nowa Seria, 86, 305-326.
Maciaszek, P. (2014). Paradoks subiektywnej pewności: psychologiczne uwarunkowania powstawania błędów w zeznaniach szczerych. Referat wygłoszony na VII Cracow Conference of Psychology and Law, Kraków.
Mao, W. B., Wang, L. S. i Yang, Z. L. (2010). Modality effect in false recognition: Evidence from Chinese characters. International Journal of Psychology, 45, 4-11.
Marchewka, A., Brechmann, A., Nowicka, A., Jednoróg, K., Scheich, H. i Grabowska, A. (2008). False recognition of emotional stimuli is lateralized in the brain: An fMRI study. Neurobiology of Learning and Memory, 280-284.
Marini, M., Agosta, S., Mazzoni, G., Barba, G. D. i Sartori, G. (2012). True and False DRM Memories: Differences Detected with an Implicit Task. Frontiers in Psychology, 310.
Maruszewski, T. (2001). Psychologia poznania. Gdańsk: Gdańskie Wydawnictwo Psychologiczne.
Maruszewski, T. (2005). Pamięć autobiograficzna. Gdańsk: Gdańskie Wydawnictwo Psychologiczne.
Maruszewski, T. (2008). Inklinacja pozytywna, blednięcie afektywne i wiarygodność pamięci autobiograficznej. Neuropsychiatria i Neuropsychologia, 3, 47-59.
Mickes, L., Seale-Carlisle, T. M. i Wixted, J. T. (2013). Rethinking familiarity: Remember/Know judgments in free recall. Journal of Memory and Language, 68, 333-349.
Nichols, R. (2014). Not All False Memories Are Created Equal. Niepublikowana praca doktorska. Ann Arbor: University of California.
Niedźwieńska, A. (2000). Fałszywe wspomnienia. Studia Psychologiczne, 38, 11-37.
Niedźwieńska, A. (2004). Poznawcze mechanizmy zniekształceń w pamięci zdarzeń. Kraków: Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Jagiellońskiego.
Olszewska, J., Ulatowska J. (2013). Creating associative memory distortions - a Polish adaptation of the DRM paradigm. Polish Psychological Bulletin, 44, 449-456.
Orzechowski, J. (2012). Magiczna liczba jeden, czyli co jeszcze zmieści się w pamięci roboczej. Kraków: Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Jagiellońskiego.
Pohl, R. F. (2004). Cognitive Illusions. Nowy York: Psychology Press: Taylor & Francis.
Pohl, R. F. (2012). Cognitive Illusions: A Handbook on Fallacies and Biases in Thinking, Judgement and Memory. Nowy York: Press: Psychology Press: Taylor & Francis.
Polczyk, R. (2007). Mechanizmy efektu dezinformacji w kontekście zeznań świadka naocznego. Kraków: Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Jagiellońskiego.
Reder, L. M. i Anderson, J. R. (1980). A partial resolution of the paradox of interference: The role of integrating knowledge. Cognitive Psychology, 12, 447-472.
Roediger, H. L. i McDermott, K. B. (1995). Creating false memories: Remembering words not presented in lists. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 21, 803-814.
Rumelhart, D. E., Norman, D. H. (1975). The active structural network. W: D. A. Norman, D. E. Rumelhart (red.), Explorations in cognition (s. 35-64). San Francisco: Freeman.
Schacter, D. (1996). Searching for memory. The Brain, the Mind and the Past. New York: Basic Books.
Sergi, I. Senese, V. P., Pisani, M. i Nigro, G. (2014). Assessing activation of true and false memory traces: A study using the DRM Paradigm. Psychologica Belgica, 54, 171-179.
Slotnik, S. D. i Schacter, D. L. (2004a). A sensory signature that distinguishes true from false memories. Nature Neuroscience, 7, 664-672.
Slotnik, S. D., i Schacter, D. L. (2004b). The cognitive neuroscience of memory distortion. Neuron, 44, 149-160.
Stróżak, P. (2010). Wpływ skryptu i sugestii na powstawanie fałszywych rozpoznań. Przegląd Psychologiczny, 53, 463-478.
Stróżak, P. (2011). How the concreteness of encoded words influence the familiarity and recollection processes in the recognition memory? An event-related potentials (ERP) study. Poster przedstawiony podczas 5th International Conference on Memory, The University of York, England, UK, 31.07.-5.08.2011.
Tse, C., Neely, J. (2005). Assessing activation without source monitoring in the DRM false memory paradigm. Journal of Memory and Language, 53, 532-550.
Tulving, E. (1972). Episodic and semantic memory. Organization of Memory. London: Academic.
Tulving, E. (1985). Memory and consciousness. Canadian Psychologist, 26, 1-12.
Weingardt, K. R., Loftus, E. F. i Lindsay, D. S. (1995). Misinformation revisited: New evidence on the suggestibility of memory. Memory & Cognition, 23(1), 72-82.
Wiesmann, M. i Ishai, A. (2008). Recollection and familiarity-based decisions reflect memory strength. Frontiers in Systems Neuroscience, 2, DOI:10.3389/neuro.06.001.2008
Aronson, E. i Tavris, C. (2014). Błądzą wszyscy (ale nie ja). Dlaczego usprawiedliwiamy głupie poglądy, złe decyzje i szkodliwe działania? Sopot: Smak Słowa.
Atkins, A. S. i Reuter-Lorenz, P. A. (2008). False Working Memories? Semantic Distortion in a Mere 4 Seconds. Memory & Cognition, 36, 74-81.
Bixter, M. i Daniel, F. (2013). Working memory differences in illusory recollection of critical lures. Memory & Cognition, 41, 716-725.
Brewer, W. F. (1986). What is autobiographical memory? W: D. C. Rubin (red.), Autobiographical memory (s. 25-49). New York: Cambridge University Press.
Collins, A. M. i Loftus, E., F. (1975). A spreading-activation theory of semantic processing. Psychological Review, 82(6), 407-428.
Collins, A. M. i Quillian, M. R. (1969). Retrieval time from semantic memory. Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior, 240-247.
Deese, J. (1959). On the predictions of occurrence of particular verbal intrusions in immediate recall. Journal of Experimental Psychology, 58(1), 17-22.
Dehon, H. (2012). Illusory recollection: The compelling subjective remembrance of things that never happened. Insights from the DRM paradigm. Psychologica Belgica, 52, 121-149.
Gallo, D. A. (2006). Associate Illusions of Memory: Research on False Memory for Related Events. Associative Illusions of Memory False Memory Research in DRM and Related Tasks. New York: Psychology Press
Gallo, D. A. (2013). Retrieval Expectations Affect False Recollection: Insights From a Criterial Recollection Task. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 22, 316-323.
Gardiner, J. M. i Java, R. I. (1991). Forgetting in recognition memory with and without recollective experience. Memory & Cognition, 19, 617-623.
Garoff-Eaton, R. J., Slotnick, S. D. i Schacter, D. L. (2005). Not All False Memories Are Created Equal: The Neural Basis of False Recognition. Cerebral Cortex, 1-8.
Jagodzińska, M. (2001). Psychologia pamięci. Warszawa: Helion.
Johansson, M. i Stenberg, G. (2002). Inducting and reducting false memories: A Swedish Version of the Deese-Roediger-McDermott paradigm. Scandinavian Journal of Psychology, 43, 369-383.
Johnson, M. K., Hashtroudi, S., Lindsay, D. S. (1993). Source monitoring. Psychological Bulletin, 114, 3-28.
Loftus, E. F. (2003). Our changeable memories: legal and practical implications. Nature, 4, 231-234.
Loftus, E. F. (2005). Planting misinformation in the human mind: A 30-year investigation of the malleability of memory. Learning and Memory, 12, 361-366.
Lorch, R. E. (1982). Priming and search processes in semantic memory: a test of three models of spreading activation. Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior, 21, 468-492.
Maciaszek, P. (2013). Fałszywe wspomnienia: jak to się dzieje, że umysł pamięta coś, czego nie było? Przegląd Filozoficzny - Nowa Seria, 86, 305-326.
Maciaszek, P. (2014). Paradoks subiektywnej pewności: psychologiczne uwarunkowania powstawania błędów w zeznaniach szczerych. Referat wygłoszony na VII Cracow Conference of Psychology and Law, Kraków.
Mao, W. B., Wang, L. S. i Yang, Z. L. (2010). Modality effect in false recognition: Evidence from Chinese characters. International Journal of Psychology, 45, 4-11.
Marchewka, A., Brechmann, A., Nowicka, A., Jednoróg, K., Scheich, H. i Grabowska, A. (2008). False recognition of emotional stimuli is lateralized in the brain: An fMRI study. Neurobiology of Learning and Memory, 280-284.
Marini, M., Agosta, S., Mazzoni, G., Barba, G. D. i Sartori, G. (2012). True and False DRM Memories: Differences Detected with an Implicit Task. Frontiers in Psychology, 310.
Maruszewski, T. (2001). Psychologia poznania. Gdańsk: Gdańskie Wydawnictwo Psychologiczne.
Maruszewski, T. (2005). Pamięć autobiograficzna. Gdańsk: Gdańskie Wydawnictwo Psychologiczne.
Maruszewski, T. (2008). Inklinacja pozytywna, blednięcie afektywne i wiarygodność pamięci autobiograficznej. Neuropsychiatria i Neuropsychologia, 3, 47-59.
Mickes, L., Seale-Carlisle, T. M. i Wixted, J. T. (2013). Rethinking familiarity: Remember/Know judgments in free recall. Journal of Memory and Language, 68, 333-349.
Nichols, R. (2014). Not All False Memories Are Created Equal. Niepublikowana praca doktorska. Ann Arbor: University of California.
Niedźwieńska, A. (2000). Fałszywe wspomnienia. Studia Psychologiczne, 38, 11-37.
Niedźwieńska, A. (2004). Poznawcze mechanizmy zniekształceń w pamięci zdarzeń. Kraków: Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Jagiellońskiego.
Olszewska, J., Ulatowska J. (2013). Creating associative memory distortions - a Polish adaptation of the DRM paradigm. Polish Psychological Bulletin, 44, 449-456.
Orzechowski, J. (2012). Magiczna liczba jeden, czyli co jeszcze zmieści się w pamięci roboczej. Kraków: Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Jagiellońskiego.
Pohl, R. F. (2004). Cognitive Illusions. Nowy York: Psychology Press: Taylor & Francis.
Pohl, R. F. (2012). Cognitive Illusions: A Handbook on Fallacies and Biases in Thinking, Judgement and Memory. Nowy York: Press: Psychology Press: Taylor & Francis.
Polczyk, R. (2007). Mechanizmy efektu dezinformacji w kontekście zeznań świadka naocznego. Kraków: Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Jagiellońskiego.
Reder, L. M. i Anderson, J. R. (1980). A partial resolution of the paradox of interference: The role of integrating knowledge. Cognitive Psychology, 12, 447-472.
Roediger, H. L. i McDermott, K. B. (1995). Creating false memories: Remembering words not presented in lists. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 21, 803-814.
Rumelhart, D. E., Norman, D. H. (1975). The active structural network. W: D. A. Norman, D. E. Rumelhart (red.), Explorations in cognition (s. 35-64). San Francisco: Freeman.
Schacter, D. (1996). Searching for memory. The Brain, the Mind and the Past. New York: Basic Books.
Sergi, I. Senese, V. P., Pisani, M. i Nigro, G. (2014). Assessing activation of true and false memory traces: A study using the DRM Paradigm. Psychologica Belgica, 54, 171-179.
Slotnik, S. D. i Schacter, D. L. (2004a). A sensory signature that distinguishes true from false memories. Nature Neuroscience, 7, 664-672.
Slotnik, S. D., i Schacter, D. L. (2004b). The cognitive neuroscience of memory distortion. Neuron, 44, 149-160.
Stróżak, P. (2010). Wpływ skryptu i sugestii na powstawanie fałszywych rozpoznań. Przegląd Psychologiczny, 53, 463-478.
Stróżak, P. (2011). How the concreteness of encoded words influence the familiarity and recollection processes in the recognition memory? An event-related potentials (ERP) study. Poster przedstawiony podczas 5th International Conference on Memory, The University of York, England, UK, 31.07.-5.08.2011.
Tse, C., Neely, J. (2005). Assessing activation without source monitoring in the DRM false memory paradigm. Journal of Memory and Language, 53, 532-550.
Tulving, E. (1972). Episodic and semantic memory. Organization of Memory. London: Academic.
Tulving, E. (1985). Memory and consciousness. Canadian Psychologist, 26, 1-12.
Weingardt, K. R., Loftus, E. F. i Lindsay, D. S. (1995). Misinformation revisited: New evidence on the suggestibility of memory. Memory & Cognition, 23(1), 72-82.
Wiesmann, M. i Ishai, A. (2008). Recollection and familiarity-based decisions reflect memory strength. Frontiers in Systems Neuroscience, 2, DOI:10.3389/neuro.06.001.2008
Downloads
Published
2015-12-01
How to Cite
Maciaszek, P. (2015). Remembering False Memories: on the Occurrence of the Memory Transfer Effect in View of Confidence Judgments. Annales Universitatis Paedagogicae Cracoviensis Studia Psychologica, 8(1), 51–64. Retrieved from https://studia-psychologica.uken.krakow.pl/article/view/5612
Issue
Section
Articles
