Different Measures of Future Orientation May Yield Opposite Predictions of Environmental Attitudes and Behaviour
Keywords:
future orientation, Zimbardo Time Perspective, consideration of future consequences, environmental attitudes, environmental behaviourAbstract
Future orientation (FO) expresses interpersonal differences affecting the creation of attitudesand behaviour in many life areas. FO is a prerequisite of sustainability, which requiresconsidering environmental consequences for future generations. This study compared twoprimary measures of FO; Zimbardo’s Future Time Perspective (F-ZTP) and the Considerationof Future Consequences Scale (CFC), in the environmental context. While higher values ofCFC predicted significantly higher levels of environmental variables, higher values of F-ZTPdid not predict higher levels, and in some cases even predicted significantly lower levels of environmental variables. We suggest that FO is multidimensional, that different constructscapture different dimensions of FO and when temporal conflicts involve social conflicts, as inmost environmental conflicts, an inconsistency between the predictabilities of the constructsmay emerge, revealing a conflict between the “futures” people are orienting at.References
Adelabu, D. H. (2007). Time perspective and school membership as correlates to academic achievement among African American adolescents. Adolescence, 42, 525-538.
Adams, J., & Nettle, D. (2009). Time perspective, personality and smoking, body mass, and physical activity: An empirical study. British Journal of Health Psychology, 14, 83-105.
Ajzen, I. (1991). The theory of planned behaviour. Organizational Behaviour and Human Decision Processes, 50, 179-211.
Ajzen, I., & Fishbein, M. (1980). Understanding Attitudes and Predicting Social Behaviour. Englewood-Cliffs, New Jersey: Prentice-Hall.
Apostolidis, T., Fieulaine, N., & Soule, F. (2006). Future time perspective as predictor of cannabis use: Exploring the role of substance perception among French adolescents. Addictive Behaviour, 31, 2339-2343.
Arbuckle, J. L. (2009). Amos™ 17.0 user’s guide. New York: Amos Development Corporation.
Axelrod, L. J., & Lehman, D. R. (1993). Responding to environmental concerns: What factors guide individual action? Journal of Environmental Psychology, 13, 149-159.
Bamberg, S., & Moser, G. (2007). Twenty years after Hines, Hungerford, and Tomera: A new meta-analysis of psycho-social determinants of pro-environmental behaviour. Journal of Environmental Psychology, 27, 14-25.
Bandura, A. (1994). Social Cognitive Theory and Exercise of Control over HIV Infection. In R. J. DiClemente & J. L. Peterson (Eds.), Preventing AIDS: Theories and Methods of Behavioural Interventions. New York: Plenum.
Corral-Verdugo V., Bonnes, M., Tapia-Fonllem, C., Fraijo-Sing, B., Frias-Armenta, M., & Carrus, G. (2009). Correlates of pro-sustainability orientation: The affinity towards diversity. Journal of Environmental Psychology, 29, 34-43.
Crockett, R. A., Weinman, J., Hankins, M., & Marteau, T. (2009). Time orientation and health--related behaviour: Measurement in general population samples. Psychology and Health, 24, 333-350.
Davis, J. L., Le, B., & Coy, A. E. (2011). Building a model of commitment to the natural environment to predict ecological behaviour and willingness to sacrifice. Journal of Environmental Psychology, 31, 257-265.
Diaz-Morales, J. F., Ferrari, J. R., & Cohen, J. R. (2008). Indecision and avoidant procrastination: The role of morningness-eveningness and time perspective in chronic delay lifestyles. The Journal of General Psychology, 135, 228-240.
Drake, L., Duncan, E., Abernethy, C., & Henry, C. (2008). Time perspective and correlates of wellbeing. Time & Society, 17, 46-61.
Ebreo, A., & Vining, J. (2001). How similar are recycling and waste reduction? Future orientation and reasons for reducing waste as predictors of self-reported behaviour. Environment and Behaviour, 33, 424-448.
Ferrari, J. R., & Diaz-Morales, J. F. (2007). Procrastination: Different time orientations reflect different motives. Journal of Research in Personality, 41, 707-714.
Gjesme, T. (1983). Introduction: An inquiry into the concept of future orientation. International Journal of Psychology, 18, 347-350.
Goldman, D., Yavetz, B., & Peer, S. (2006). Environmental literacy in teacher training in Israel: Environmental behaviour of new students. The Journal of Environmental Education, 38, 3-22.
Guthrie, L. C., Butler, S. C., & Ward, M. M. (2009). Time perspective and socioeconomic status: A link to socioeconomic disparities in health? Social Science & Medicine, 68, 2145-2151.
Hamilton, J. M., Kives, K. D., Micevski, V., & Grace, S. L. (2003). Time perspective and health promoting behaviour in a cardiac rehabilitation population. Journal of Behavioural Medicine, 28, 130-139.
Harber, K. D., Zimbardo, P. G., & Boyd, J. N. (2003). Participant self-selection biases as a function of individual differences in time perspectives. Basic and Applied Social Psychology, 25, 255-264.
Hensen, J. M., Carey, M. P., & Maisto, S. A. (2006). Associations among health behaviours and time perspective in young adults: Model testing with boot-strapping replication. Journal of Behavioural Medicine, 29, 127-137.
Hines, J. M., Hungerford, H. R., & Tomera, A. N. (1975). Analysis and synthesis of research on responsible environmental behaviour: A meta-analysis. Journal of Environmental Education, 18, 1-18.
Horstmanshoff, L., & Zimitat, C. (2007). Future time orientation predicts academic engagement among first-year university students. British Journal of Educational Psychology, 77, 703-718.
Joireman, J. A. (2005). Environmental problems as social dilemmas: The temporal dimension. In A. Strathman & J. Joireman (Eds.), Understanding Behaviour in the Context of Time (pp.289-304). Mahwah: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Publishers.
Joireman, J. A., Lasane, T. P., Bennett, J., Richards, D., & Solaimani, S. (2001). Integrating social value orientation and the consideration of future consequences within the extended norm activation model of proenvironmental behaviour. British Journal of Social Psychology, 40, 133-155.
Joireman, J. A., Van Lange, M., & Van Vugt, M. (2004). Who cares about the environmental impact of cars? Those with an eye toward the future. Environment and Behaviour, 36, 187-206.
Keough, K. A., Zimbardo, P. G., & Boyd, J. N. (1999). Who’s Smoking, Drinking, and Using Drugs? Time Perspective as a Predictor of Substance Use. Journal of Basic and Applied Social Psychology, 21, 149-164.
Klingemann, H. (2001). The time game: Temporal perspectives of patients and staff in alcohol and drug treatment. Time & Society, 10, 303-328.
Kortenkamp, K. V., & Moore, C. F. (2006). Time, uncertainty, and individual differences in decisions to cooperate in resource dilemmas. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 32, 603-615.
Kovac, V. B., & Rise, J. (2007). The relation between past behaviour, intention, planning, and quitting smoking: The moderating effect of future orientation. Journal of Applied Biobehavioural Research, 12, 82-100.
Kruger, J. D., Reischl, T., & Zimmerman, M. A. (2008). Time perspective as a mechanism for functional developmental adaptation. Journal of Social, Evolutionary, and Cultural Psychology, 2, 1-22.
Lindsay, J., & Strathman, A. (1997). Predictors of recycling behaviour: An application of a modified health belief model. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 27, 1799-1823.
Maloney, M. P., & Ward, M. P. (1973). Ecology: let’s hear from the people. An objective scale for the measurement of ecological attitudes and knowledge. American Psychologist, 28, 583-586.
Manzo, L. C., & Weinstein, N. D. (1987). Behavioural commitment to environmental protection: a study of active and nonactive members of the Sierra Club. Environment and Behaviour, 19, 673-694.
McElwee, R., & Brittain, L. (2009). Optimism for the World’s Future versus the personal future: Application to environmental attitudes. Current Psychology, 28, 133-145.
Mello, Z. R., & Worrel, F. C. (2006). The relationship of time perspective to age, gender, and academic achievement among academically talented adolescents. Journal for the Education of the Gifted, 29, 271-289.
Milfont, T. L., & Gouveia, V. V. (2006). Time perspective and values: An exploratory study of their relations to environmental attitudes. Journal of Environmental Psychology, 26, 72-82.
Orbell, S., Perugini, M., & Rakow, W. (2004). Individual differences in sensitivity to health communications: Consideration of future consequences. Health Psychology, 23, 388-396.
Oreg, S., & Katz-Gerro, T. (2006). Predicting proenvironmental behaviour cross-nationally. Environment and Behaviour, 38, 462-483.
Peer, S., Goldman, D., & Yavetz, B. (2007). Environmental literacy in teacher training: Attitudes, knowledge, and environmental behaviour of beginning students. The Journal of Environmental Education, 39, 45-59.
Seginer, R. (2009). Future Orientation: Developmental and Ecological Perspectives. New York: Springer.
Strathman, A., Gleicher, F., Boninger, D. S., & Edwards, C. S. (1994). The consideration of future consequences: Weighing immediate and distant outcomes of behaviour. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 66, 742-752.
Strathman, A., & Joireman, J. (2005). Understanding Behaviour in the Context of Time. Mahwah: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates Publishers.
Suddendorf, T., & Corballis, M. C. (2007). The evolution of foresight: What is mental time travel, and is it unique to humans? Behavioural and Brain Sciences, 30, 299-351.
Thornhill, R., & Fincher, C. L. (2007). What is the relevance of attachment and life history to political values? Evolution and Human Behaviour, 28, 215-222.
Toepoel, V. (2010). Is consideration of future consequences a changeable construct? Personality and Individual Differences, 48, 951-956.
Worrell, F. C., & Mello, Z. R. (2007). The reliability and validity of Zimbardo Time Perspective Inventory Scores in academically talented adolescents. Educational and Psychological Measurement, 67, 487-504.
Zimbardo, P. G., & Boyd, J. N. (1999). Putting time in perspective: A valid, reliable individualdifferences metric. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 77, 1271-1288.
Zimbardo, P. G., Keough, K. A., & Boyd, J. N. (1997). Present time perspective as a predictor of risky driving. Personality and Individual Differences, 23, 1007-1023.
Zimbardo, P. G., & Boyd, J. N. (2008). The Time Paradox. New York: Free Press.
Adams, J., & Nettle, D. (2009). Time perspective, personality and smoking, body mass, and physical activity: An empirical study. British Journal of Health Psychology, 14, 83-105.
Ajzen, I. (1991). The theory of planned behaviour. Organizational Behaviour and Human Decision Processes, 50, 179-211.
Ajzen, I., & Fishbein, M. (1980). Understanding Attitudes and Predicting Social Behaviour. Englewood-Cliffs, New Jersey: Prentice-Hall.
Apostolidis, T., Fieulaine, N., & Soule, F. (2006). Future time perspective as predictor of cannabis use: Exploring the role of substance perception among French adolescents. Addictive Behaviour, 31, 2339-2343.
Arbuckle, J. L. (2009). Amos™ 17.0 user’s guide. New York: Amos Development Corporation.
Axelrod, L. J., & Lehman, D. R. (1993). Responding to environmental concerns: What factors guide individual action? Journal of Environmental Psychology, 13, 149-159.
Bamberg, S., & Moser, G. (2007). Twenty years after Hines, Hungerford, and Tomera: A new meta-analysis of psycho-social determinants of pro-environmental behaviour. Journal of Environmental Psychology, 27, 14-25.
Bandura, A. (1994). Social Cognitive Theory and Exercise of Control over HIV Infection. In R. J. DiClemente & J. L. Peterson (Eds.), Preventing AIDS: Theories and Methods of Behavioural Interventions. New York: Plenum.
Corral-Verdugo V., Bonnes, M., Tapia-Fonllem, C., Fraijo-Sing, B., Frias-Armenta, M., & Carrus, G. (2009). Correlates of pro-sustainability orientation: The affinity towards diversity. Journal of Environmental Psychology, 29, 34-43.
Crockett, R. A., Weinman, J., Hankins, M., & Marteau, T. (2009). Time orientation and health--related behaviour: Measurement in general population samples. Psychology and Health, 24, 333-350.
Davis, J. L., Le, B., & Coy, A. E. (2011). Building a model of commitment to the natural environment to predict ecological behaviour and willingness to sacrifice. Journal of Environmental Psychology, 31, 257-265.
Diaz-Morales, J. F., Ferrari, J. R., & Cohen, J. R. (2008). Indecision and avoidant procrastination: The role of morningness-eveningness and time perspective in chronic delay lifestyles. The Journal of General Psychology, 135, 228-240.
Drake, L., Duncan, E., Abernethy, C., & Henry, C. (2008). Time perspective and correlates of wellbeing. Time & Society, 17, 46-61.
Ebreo, A., & Vining, J. (2001). How similar are recycling and waste reduction? Future orientation and reasons for reducing waste as predictors of self-reported behaviour. Environment and Behaviour, 33, 424-448.
Ferrari, J. R., & Diaz-Morales, J. F. (2007). Procrastination: Different time orientations reflect different motives. Journal of Research in Personality, 41, 707-714.
Gjesme, T. (1983). Introduction: An inquiry into the concept of future orientation. International Journal of Psychology, 18, 347-350.
Goldman, D., Yavetz, B., & Peer, S. (2006). Environmental literacy in teacher training in Israel: Environmental behaviour of new students. The Journal of Environmental Education, 38, 3-22.
Guthrie, L. C., Butler, S. C., & Ward, M. M. (2009). Time perspective and socioeconomic status: A link to socioeconomic disparities in health? Social Science & Medicine, 68, 2145-2151.
Hamilton, J. M., Kives, K. D., Micevski, V., & Grace, S. L. (2003). Time perspective and health promoting behaviour in a cardiac rehabilitation population. Journal of Behavioural Medicine, 28, 130-139.
Harber, K. D., Zimbardo, P. G., & Boyd, J. N. (2003). Participant self-selection biases as a function of individual differences in time perspectives. Basic and Applied Social Psychology, 25, 255-264.
Hensen, J. M., Carey, M. P., & Maisto, S. A. (2006). Associations among health behaviours and time perspective in young adults: Model testing with boot-strapping replication. Journal of Behavioural Medicine, 29, 127-137.
Hines, J. M., Hungerford, H. R., & Tomera, A. N. (1975). Analysis and synthesis of research on responsible environmental behaviour: A meta-analysis. Journal of Environmental Education, 18, 1-18.
Horstmanshoff, L., & Zimitat, C. (2007). Future time orientation predicts academic engagement among first-year university students. British Journal of Educational Psychology, 77, 703-718.
Joireman, J. A. (2005). Environmental problems as social dilemmas: The temporal dimension. In A. Strathman & J. Joireman (Eds.), Understanding Behaviour in the Context of Time (pp.289-304). Mahwah: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Publishers.
Joireman, J. A., Lasane, T. P., Bennett, J., Richards, D., & Solaimani, S. (2001). Integrating social value orientation and the consideration of future consequences within the extended norm activation model of proenvironmental behaviour. British Journal of Social Psychology, 40, 133-155.
Joireman, J. A., Van Lange, M., & Van Vugt, M. (2004). Who cares about the environmental impact of cars? Those with an eye toward the future. Environment and Behaviour, 36, 187-206.
Keough, K. A., Zimbardo, P. G., & Boyd, J. N. (1999). Who’s Smoking, Drinking, and Using Drugs? Time Perspective as a Predictor of Substance Use. Journal of Basic and Applied Social Psychology, 21, 149-164.
Klingemann, H. (2001). The time game: Temporal perspectives of patients and staff in alcohol and drug treatment. Time & Society, 10, 303-328.
Kortenkamp, K. V., & Moore, C. F. (2006). Time, uncertainty, and individual differences in decisions to cooperate in resource dilemmas. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 32, 603-615.
Kovac, V. B., & Rise, J. (2007). The relation between past behaviour, intention, planning, and quitting smoking: The moderating effect of future orientation. Journal of Applied Biobehavioural Research, 12, 82-100.
Kruger, J. D., Reischl, T., & Zimmerman, M. A. (2008). Time perspective as a mechanism for functional developmental adaptation. Journal of Social, Evolutionary, and Cultural Psychology, 2, 1-22.
Lindsay, J., & Strathman, A. (1997). Predictors of recycling behaviour: An application of a modified health belief model. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 27, 1799-1823.
Maloney, M. P., & Ward, M. P. (1973). Ecology: let’s hear from the people. An objective scale for the measurement of ecological attitudes and knowledge. American Psychologist, 28, 583-586.
Manzo, L. C., & Weinstein, N. D. (1987). Behavioural commitment to environmental protection: a study of active and nonactive members of the Sierra Club. Environment and Behaviour, 19, 673-694.
McElwee, R., & Brittain, L. (2009). Optimism for the World’s Future versus the personal future: Application to environmental attitudes. Current Psychology, 28, 133-145.
Mello, Z. R., & Worrel, F. C. (2006). The relationship of time perspective to age, gender, and academic achievement among academically talented adolescents. Journal for the Education of the Gifted, 29, 271-289.
Milfont, T. L., & Gouveia, V. V. (2006). Time perspective and values: An exploratory study of their relations to environmental attitudes. Journal of Environmental Psychology, 26, 72-82.
Orbell, S., Perugini, M., & Rakow, W. (2004). Individual differences in sensitivity to health communications: Consideration of future consequences. Health Psychology, 23, 388-396.
Oreg, S., & Katz-Gerro, T. (2006). Predicting proenvironmental behaviour cross-nationally. Environment and Behaviour, 38, 462-483.
Peer, S., Goldman, D., & Yavetz, B. (2007). Environmental literacy in teacher training: Attitudes, knowledge, and environmental behaviour of beginning students. The Journal of Environmental Education, 39, 45-59.
Seginer, R. (2009). Future Orientation: Developmental and Ecological Perspectives. New York: Springer.
Strathman, A., Gleicher, F., Boninger, D. S., & Edwards, C. S. (1994). The consideration of future consequences: Weighing immediate and distant outcomes of behaviour. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 66, 742-752.
Strathman, A., & Joireman, J. (2005). Understanding Behaviour in the Context of Time. Mahwah: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates Publishers.
Suddendorf, T., & Corballis, M. C. (2007). The evolution of foresight: What is mental time travel, and is it unique to humans? Behavioural and Brain Sciences, 30, 299-351.
Thornhill, R., & Fincher, C. L. (2007). What is the relevance of attachment and life history to political values? Evolution and Human Behaviour, 28, 215-222.
Toepoel, V. (2010). Is consideration of future consequences a changeable construct? Personality and Individual Differences, 48, 951-956.
Worrell, F. C., & Mello, Z. R. (2007). The reliability and validity of Zimbardo Time Perspective Inventory Scores in academically talented adolescents. Educational and Psychological Measurement, 67, 487-504.
Zimbardo, P. G., & Boyd, J. N. (1999). Putting time in perspective: A valid, reliable individualdifferences metric. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 77, 1271-1288.
Zimbardo, P. G., Keough, K. A., & Boyd, J. N. (1997). Present time perspective as a predictor of risky driving. Personality and Individual Differences, 23, 1007-1023.
Zimbardo, P. G., & Boyd, J. N. (2008). The Time Paradox. New York: Free Press.
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Published
2013-12-01
How to Cite
Carmi, N. (2013). Different Measures of Future Orientation May Yield Opposite Predictions of Environmental Attitudes and Behaviour. Annales Universitatis Paedagogicae Cracoviensis Studia Psychologica, 6(1), 30–41. Retrieved from https://studia-psychologica.uken.krakow.pl/article/view/5588
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