Evaluative consequences of describing people with negative expressions
Keywords:
negation, schema-plus-tag model, fusion model, complementary bipolar expressions, antonymous bipolar expressionsAbstract
The aim of the experimental study presented in this work was to determine how messages about the qualities of people formed as negation are processed. This study was designed to verify the validity of two models - schema-plus-tag model and fusion model, thus trying to present and explain the mechanism of processing negated messages. The study focuses on processing of negation with use of complementary bipolar and antonymous expressions. In two experiments various descriptions of hypothetical person, created on the basis of the above-mentioned types of phrases, were presented to participants. The article ends with the statistical analysis of results and their interpretation from the perspective of theory of negation coding.References
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Johnson-Laird, P. (1983). Mental Models: Toward a Cognitive Science of Lang, Inference and Consciousness. Harvard University Press.
Just, M. A. & Carpenter, P. A. (1976). Eye fixations and cognitive processes. Cognitive Psychology, 8, 441-480.
Kaup, B. & Zwaan, R. A. (2003). Effects of negation and situational presence on the accessibility of text information. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 29, 439-446.
Kaup, B., Yaxley, R. H., Madden, C. J., Zwaan, R. A. & Lüdtke, J. (2007). Experiential Simulation of Negated Text Information. Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology, 60, 976-990.
Kintsch, W. & van Dijk, T. A. (1978). Toward a model of text comprehension and production. Psychological Review, 85(5), 363-394.
Maciuszek, J. (2006). Negacja w języku i komunikacji. O przetwarzaniu negacji w kontekście opisu cech ludzi. Kraków: Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Jagiellońskiego.
Mayo, R., Schul, Y. I. & Burnstein, E. (2004). „I’m not guilty” vs „I am innocent”: Successful negation may depend on the schema used for its encoding. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 40, 433-449.
MacDonald, M. C. & Just, M. A. (1989). Changes in activation levels with negation. Journal of Experimental Psychology, 15, 633-642.
Słonina, J. (2010). Negacja w funkcji stwierdzania nieobecności. Pamięciowe skutki pomijania i negowania informacji. Niepublikowana praca magisterska, Kraków.
Zwaan, R. A. & Radvansky, G. A. (1998). Situation models in lang comprehension and memory. Psychological Bulletin, 123(2), 162-185.
Depińska, A. (2009). Przetwarzanie negacji zastosowanej w jednobiegunowych opisach cech ludzi. Niepublikowana praca magisterska, Kraków.
Johnson-Laird, P. (1983). Mental Models: Toward a Cognitive Science of Lang, Inference and Consciousness. Harvard University Press.
Just, M. A. & Carpenter, P. A. (1976). Eye fixations and cognitive processes. Cognitive Psychology, 8, 441-480.
Kaup, B. & Zwaan, R. A. (2003). Effects of negation and situational presence on the accessibility of text information. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 29, 439-446.
Kaup, B., Yaxley, R. H., Madden, C. J., Zwaan, R. A. & Lüdtke, J. (2007). Experiential Simulation of Negated Text Information. Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology, 60, 976-990.
Kintsch, W. & van Dijk, T. A. (1978). Toward a model of text comprehension and production. Psychological Review, 85(5), 363-394.
Maciuszek, J. (2006). Negacja w języku i komunikacji. O przetwarzaniu negacji w kontekście opisu cech ludzi. Kraków: Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Jagiellońskiego.
Mayo, R., Schul, Y. I. & Burnstein, E. (2004). „I’m not guilty” vs „I am innocent”: Successful negation may depend on the schema used for its encoding. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 40, 433-449.
MacDonald, M. C. & Just, M. A. (1989). Changes in activation levels with negation. Journal of Experimental Psychology, 15, 633-642.
Słonina, J. (2010). Negacja w funkcji stwierdzania nieobecności. Pamięciowe skutki pomijania i negowania informacji. Niepublikowana praca magisterska, Kraków.
Zwaan, R. A. & Radvansky, G. A. (1998). Situation models in lang comprehension and memory. Psychological Bulletin, 123(2), 162-185.
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Published
2012-12-01
How to Cite
Swół, K. (2012). Evaluative consequences of describing people with negative expressions. Annales Universitatis Paedagogicae Cracoviensis Studia Psychologica, 5(1), 128–141. Retrieved from https://studia-psychologica.uken.krakow.pl/article/view/5585
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