Czy pozytywne, acz iluzoryczne wspomnienia rzucają cień na obecne poczucie szczęścia? Ocena teraźniejszości i przeszłości w relacji do subiektywnego dobrostanu
Słowa kluczowe:
ocena przeszłości, aktualne i przeszłe Ja, ocena warunków społecznych, satysfakcja z życia, subiektywny dobrostanAbstrakt
Badania nad subiektywnym dobrostanem, prowadzone w Republice Macedonii i w innych rozwijających się krajach postkomunistycznych, wskazują na jego niską pozycję w rankingu. Jednym z możliwych uwarunkowań jest rozbieżność wynikająca z porównania aktualnego poczucia dobrostanu z tym sprzed 20 lat. Sformułowaliśmy hipotezę, że im wyższa różnica w ocenie aktualnego dobrostanu w porównaniu z dobrostanem w przeszłości, tym niższy będzie subiektywny dobrostan obecnie. Przebadano 443 osoby w wieku 50-65 lat. Do pomiaru subiektywnego dobrostanu wykorzystano skalę Satysfakcji z Życia E. Dienera i wsp. oraz PANAS D. Watsona i L. A. Clarka. Skonstruowano też odpowiednie kwestionariusze do oceny obecnego i przeszłego Ja oraz do oceny obecnych i przeszłych warunków społecznych, odnoszące się do spostrzeganych możliwości, niepewności i bezradności. Wyniki potwierdzają nasze przypuszczenia, że im wyższa różnica między oceną przeszłego i obecnego Ja, tym niższy subiektywny dobrostan. Nie dotyczy to jednak oceny warunków społecznych. Wprawdzie analiza regresji wskazuje, że różnica ta jest istotnym predyktorem subiektywnego dobrostanu, lecz najsilniejszymi predyktorami okazały się obecne Ja oraz warunki społeczne w prze-szłości. Model wyjaśnia 37,5% wariancji. Można to interpretować w ten sposób, że specyficzny „cień” przeszłości utrudnia ludziom dostrzeganie i korzystanie z obecnych możliwości, co w konsekwencji niekorzystnie wpływa na ich obecne życie i subiektywny dobrostan.Bibliografia
Baumeister, R. F. (1999). Introduction. In: R. F. Baumeister, (Ed.), The Self in Social Psychology. En Arbor, MI: Taylor & Francis Group.
Baumeister, R. F. & Leary, M. R. (1995). The need to belong: Desire for interpersonal attachments as a fundamental human motivation. Psychological Bulletin, 117, 497-529.
Biswas-Diener, R. M. (2008). Material Wealth and Subjective Well-Being. In: M. Eid, R. J. Larsen, (Eds.), The Science of Subjective Well-Being. London: Guilford Press.
Brdar, I. (2006). Životni ciljevi i dobrobit: je li za sreču važno što želimo? Društvena istraživanja, 4-5, 671-691. [Life goals and well-being: Is for happiness important what we want? Societal Research, 4-5, 671-691].
Boniwell, I., Zimbardo, P. G. (2004). Balancing Time perspective in pursuit of optimal functioning. In: P. A. Linley, S. Joseph (Eds.). Positive Psychology in Practice. Hoboken, NJ: Wiley.
Deci, E. L., & Ryan, R. M. (2000). The “what” and “why” of goal pursuits: Human needs and the self-determination of behavior. Psychological Inquiry, 11, 227-268.
Deci, E. L., & Ryan, R. M. (1991). A motivational approach to self: Integration in personality. In: R. Dienstbier (Ed.), Nebraska symposium on motivation: Vol. 38. Perspectives on motivation (pp. 237-288). Lincoln, NE: University of Nebraska Press.
Diener, E., Emmons, R. A., Larsen, R. J., & Griffin, S. (1985). The Satisfaction with Life Scale. Journal of Personality Assessment, 49, 71-75.
Diener E., Suh E., Oishi S. (1997). Recent Findings on Subjective Well-Being. Indian Journal of Clinical Psychology.
Diener, E., Lucas, R. E. (2000). Subjective Emotional Well-Being. In: M. Lewis, & J. M. Haviland, (Eds.). Handbook of Emotions (2nd Ed.) (pp. 325-337). New York: Guilford.
Diener, E., & Suh, E. (2000). Measuring subjective well-being to compare the quality of life of cultures. In: E. Diener, & E. M. Suh (Eds.), Culture and Subjective well-being. London: The MIT Press.
European Fund for the Balkans (EFB) (2012). From Yugoslavia to the European Union: 20 Years after 1991 - The Tale of Two Generations. Retrieved 13.10.2013 from: http://www.scribd.com/doc/112834204/20-Years-After-1991-The-Tale-of-Two-Generations.
Frost, K. M., & Frost J. C. (2000). Romanian and American Life Aspirations in Relation to Psychological Well-Being. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 31, 726-751.
Ilardi, B. C., Leone, D., Kasser, R., & Ryan R. M. (1993). General Need Satisfaction Scale. Retrieved 20.03.2008 from http://www.psych.rochester.edu/SDT/measures/bpns_scale.php.
Inglehart, R., Klingemann, H.-D. (2000). Genes, Culture, Democracy and Happiness. In: E. Diener, & E. M. Suh (Eds.), Culture and Subjective Well-Being (s. 165-184). London: The MIT Press.
Kahneman, D. (2011). Thinking, fast and slow. New York: Ferrar, Straus and Giroux.
Kahneman, D. (1999). Objective happiness. In: D. Kahneman, E. Diener & N. Schwarz (Eds.), Well-Being: The Foundations of Hedonic Psychology (pp. 3-25). New York: Russel Sage Foundation.
Kasser, T., & Ryan, R. M. (1993). A dark side of the American dream: Correlates of financial success as a central life aspiration. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 65, 410-422.
Kasser, T., & Ryan, R. M. (1996). Further examining the American dream: Differential correlates of intrinsic and extrinsic goals. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 22, 280-287.
Kasser, T., & Ryan, R. M. (2001). Be careful what you wish for: Optimal functioning and the relative attainment of intrinsic and extrinsic goals. In: P. Schmuck, K. M. Sheldon (Eds.). Life Goals and Well-Being: Towards a Positive Psychology of Human Striving (pp. 116-131). Goettingen: Hogrefe & Huber.
Kim, Y-H., Cai, H., Gilliland, M., Chiu, C.-Y., Xia, S., Tam, K.-P. (2012). Standing in the glory or shadow of the past self. Emotion, 12(5), 1111-1117.
Larsen, R. J., & Eid, M. (2008). Ed Diener and the science of subjective well-being. In: M. Eid, R. J. Larsen, (Eds.), The Science of Subjective Well-Being. London: Guilford Press.
Oishi, S., Diener E. (2001). Pressures and subjective well-being. European Journal of Personality, 15(2), 153-167.
Reis, H. T., Sheldon, K. M., Gable, S. L., Roscoe, J., & Ryan, R. M. (2000). Daily well-being: The role of autonomy, competence, and relatedness. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 26, 419-435.
Ryan, R. M., & Deci, E. L. (2000). The darker and brighter sides of human existence: Basic psychological needs as a unifying concept. Psychological Inquiry, 11, 319-338.
Ryan, R. M., & Deci, E. L. (2001). On Happiness and Human Potentials: A Review of Research on Hedonic and Eudaimonic Well-Being. Annual Review of Psychology, 52, 141-166.
Schmuck, P., Sheldon, K. M. (2001). Life Goals and Well-Being: Towards a Positive Psychology of Human Striving. Goettingen: Hogrefe & Huber.
Sheldon, K. M., & Kasser, T. (1995). Coherence and congruence: Two aspects of personality integration. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 68, 531-543.
Sheldon, K. M. & Kasser, T. (1998). Pursuing personal goals: Skills enable progress, but all progress is beneficial. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 24, 1319-1331.
Sheldon, K. M., Kasser, T. (2001). Goals, Congruence, and Positive Well-Being: New Empirical Support. Journal of Humanistic Psychology, 41(1), 30-50.
Spasovski, O. (2013). The Relation of Basic Psychological Needs, Intrinsic and Extrinsic Life Goals and Collectivism with Subjective Well-Being: A Case in Macedonia. In: H. H. Knoop, A. Delle Fave (Eds.), Well-Being and Cultures: A Positive Psychology Perspective (pp. 71-81). Springer.
Spasovski, O. (2011). Subjective Well-being in Student Teachers: Relation with Intrinsic and Extrinsic Motivation, Self-esteem, Competence and Collectivism. In: R. Miljkovic (Eds.). Positive Psychology in Education - Book of selected paper (pp. 103-116). Zagreb: Učiteljski fakultet Sveučilišta u Zagrebu.
Veenhoven, R. (2000). Freedom and Happiness: A Comparative Study in Forty-four Nations in Early 1990s. In: E. Diener & E. M. Suh (Eds.), Culture and Subjective Well-being (pp. 257-288). London: The MIT Press.
Veenhoven, R. (2006). Average happiness in 95 nations 1995-2005, World Database of Happiness, RankReport 2006-1d, Retrieved 15.04.2008 from www.worlddatabaseofhappiness.eur.nl.
Veenhoven, R. (2009). Average Happiness in 149 Nations 2000-2009. World Database of Happiness, RankReport Retrieved 15.4.2008, www.worlddatabaseofhappiness.eur.nl.
Watson, D., Clark, L. A. (1994). The PANAS-X: Manual for the Positive and Negative Affect Schedule - Expanded From. The University of Iowa.
Zimbardo, P., & Boyd, J. (2008). The Time Paradox. New York: Free Press.
Baumeister, R. F. & Leary, M. R. (1995). The need to belong: Desire for interpersonal attachments as a fundamental human motivation. Psychological Bulletin, 117, 497-529.
Biswas-Diener, R. M. (2008). Material Wealth and Subjective Well-Being. In: M. Eid, R. J. Larsen, (Eds.), The Science of Subjective Well-Being. London: Guilford Press.
Brdar, I. (2006). Životni ciljevi i dobrobit: je li za sreču važno što želimo? Društvena istraživanja, 4-5, 671-691. [Life goals and well-being: Is for happiness important what we want? Societal Research, 4-5, 671-691].
Boniwell, I., Zimbardo, P. G. (2004). Balancing Time perspective in pursuit of optimal functioning. In: P. A. Linley, S. Joseph (Eds.). Positive Psychology in Practice. Hoboken, NJ: Wiley.
Deci, E. L., & Ryan, R. M. (2000). The “what” and “why” of goal pursuits: Human needs and the self-determination of behavior. Psychological Inquiry, 11, 227-268.
Deci, E. L., & Ryan, R. M. (1991). A motivational approach to self: Integration in personality. In: R. Dienstbier (Ed.), Nebraska symposium on motivation: Vol. 38. Perspectives on motivation (pp. 237-288). Lincoln, NE: University of Nebraska Press.
Diener, E., Emmons, R. A., Larsen, R. J., & Griffin, S. (1985). The Satisfaction with Life Scale. Journal of Personality Assessment, 49, 71-75.
Diener E., Suh E., Oishi S. (1997). Recent Findings on Subjective Well-Being. Indian Journal of Clinical Psychology.
Diener, E., Lucas, R. E. (2000). Subjective Emotional Well-Being. In: M. Lewis, & J. M. Haviland, (Eds.). Handbook of Emotions (2nd Ed.) (pp. 325-337). New York: Guilford.
Diener, E., & Suh, E. (2000). Measuring subjective well-being to compare the quality of life of cultures. In: E. Diener, & E. M. Suh (Eds.), Culture and Subjective well-being. London: The MIT Press.
European Fund for the Balkans (EFB) (2012). From Yugoslavia to the European Union: 20 Years after 1991 - The Tale of Two Generations. Retrieved 13.10.2013 from: http://www.scribd.com/doc/112834204/20-Years-After-1991-The-Tale-of-Two-Generations.
Frost, K. M., & Frost J. C. (2000). Romanian and American Life Aspirations in Relation to Psychological Well-Being. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 31, 726-751.
Ilardi, B. C., Leone, D., Kasser, R., & Ryan R. M. (1993). General Need Satisfaction Scale. Retrieved 20.03.2008 from http://www.psych.rochester.edu/SDT/measures/bpns_scale.php.
Inglehart, R., Klingemann, H.-D. (2000). Genes, Culture, Democracy and Happiness. In: E. Diener, & E. M. Suh (Eds.), Culture and Subjective Well-Being (s. 165-184). London: The MIT Press.
Kahneman, D. (2011). Thinking, fast and slow. New York: Ferrar, Straus and Giroux.
Kahneman, D. (1999). Objective happiness. In: D. Kahneman, E. Diener & N. Schwarz (Eds.), Well-Being: The Foundations of Hedonic Psychology (pp. 3-25). New York: Russel Sage Foundation.
Kasser, T., & Ryan, R. M. (1993). A dark side of the American dream: Correlates of financial success as a central life aspiration. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 65, 410-422.
Kasser, T., & Ryan, R. M. (1996). Further examining the American dream: Differential correlates of intrinsic and extrinsic goals. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 22, 280-287.
Kasser, T., & Ryan, R. M. (2001). Be careful what you wish for: Optimal functioning and the relative attainment of intrinsic and extrinsic goals. In: P. Schmuck, K. M. Sheldon (Eds.). Life Goals and Well-Being: Towards a Positive Psychology of Human Striving (pp. 116-131). Goettingen: Hogrefe & Huber.
Kim, Y-H., Cai, H., Gilliland, M., Chiu, C.-Y., Xia, S., Tam, K.-P. (2012). Standing in the glory or shadow of the past self. Emotion, 12(5), 1111-1117.
Larsen, R. J., & Eid, M. (2008). Ed Diener and the science of subjective well-being. In: M. Eid, R. J. Larsen, (Eds.), The Science of Subjective Well-Being. London: Guilford Press.
Oishi, S., Diener E. (2001). Pressures and subjective well-being. European Journal of Personality, 15(2), 153-167.
Reis, H. T., Sheldon, K. M., Gable, S. L., Roscoe, J., & Ryan, R. M. (2000). Daily well-being: The role of autonomy, competence, and relatedness. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 26, 419-435.
Ryan, R. M., & Deci, E. L. (2000). The darker and brighter sides of human existence: Basic psychological needs as a unifying concept. Psychological Inquiry, 11, 319-338.
Ryan, R. M., & Deci, E. L. (2001). On Happiness and Human Potentials: A Review of Research on Hedonic and Eudaimonic Well-Being. Annual Review of Psychology, 52, 141-166.
Schmuck, P., Sheldon, K. M. (2001). Life Goals and Well-Being: Towards a Positive Psychology of Human Striving. Goettingen: Hogrefe & Huber.
Sheldon, K. M., & Kasser, T. (1995). Coherence and congruence: Two aspects of personality integration. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 68, 531-543.
Sheldon, K. M. & Kasser, T. (1998). Pursuing personal goals: Skills enable progress, but all progress is beneficial. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 24, 1319-1331.
Sheldon, K. M., Kasser, T. (2001). Goals, Congruence, and Positive Well-Being: New Empirical Support. Journal of Humanistic Psychology, 41(1), 30-50.
Spasovski, O. (2013). The Relation of Basic Psychological Needs, Intrinsic and Extrinsic Life Goals and Collectivism with Subjective Well-Being: A Case in Macedonia. In: H. H. Knoop, A. Delle Fave (Eds.), Well-Being and Cultures: A Positive Psychology Perspective (pp. 71-81). Springer.
Spasovski, O. (2011). Subjective Well-being in Student Teachers: Relation with Intrinsic and Extrinsic Motivation, Self-esteem, Competence and Collectivism. In: R. Miljkovic (Eds.). Positive Psychology in Education - Book of selected paper (pp. 103-116). Zagreb: Učiteljski fakultet Sveučilišta u Zagrebu.
Veenhoven, R. (2000). Freedom and Happiness: A Comparative Study in Forty-four Nations in Early 1990s. In: E. Diener & E. M. Suh (Eds.), Culture and Subjective Well-being (pp. 257-288). London: The MIT Press.
Veenhoven, R. (2006). Average happiness in 95 nations 1995-2005, World Database of Happiness, RankReport 2006-1d, Retrieved 15.04.2008 from www.worlddatabaseofhappiness.eur.nl.
Veenhoven, R. (2009). Average Happiness in 149 Nations 2000-2009. World Database of Happiness, RankReport Retrieved 15.4.2008, www.worlddatabaseofhappiness.eur.nl.
Watson, D., Clark, L. A. (1994). The PANAS-X: Manual for the Positive and Negative Affect Schedule - Expanded From. The University of Iowa.
Zimbardo, P., & Boyd, J. (2008). The Time Paradox. New York: Free Press.
Pobrania
Opublikowane
2014-12-01
Jak cytować
Spasovski, O., Kenig, N. ., & Kim, Y.-H. (2014). Czy pozytywne, acz iluzoryczne wspomnienia rzucają cień na obecne poczucie szczęścia? Ocena teraźniejszości i przeszłości w relacji do subiektywnego dobrostanu. Annales Universitatis Paedagogicae Cracoviensis Studia Psychologica, 7(1), 69–81. Pobrano z https://studia-psychologica.uken.krakow.pl/article/view/5603
Numer
Dział
Artykuły